Svinhufved, Piehr. 1861-1944. First Prime Minister of independent. Finland 1917-18,30-31, President. 31-7. Suppressed communists.

Three-Anti Campaign. 1951-2. Chinese communists try to eliminate fraud, mismanagement, corruption after revolution.

Togliatti, Palmiro. 1893-1964. Co-founder, Italian Communist Party. Leader 1926-.

Totalitarianism. Government which tries to fully control life of citizens. Fascist Italy. Nazi Germany. Communist Russia.

Truman Doctrine. 1947. US aid vs communist expansion into Greece, Turkey.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. USSR. 1917 Communist revolution, Civil War. 1923 Union of states. 1939 +Galicia. 1940 +Baltic States, Bessarabia, Karelia. 1945 +Ruthenia. Recognized: 1923 US, 1924 Britain, 1940 Yugoslavia. 1991 Dissolved. Russia.

United Front. 1924-6, 1936-45. Chinese communists, Kuomintang vs Japan.

Viet Cong. 1954-75. Communist guerillas seeking to reunify Vietnam.

Viet Minh. 1941-51. Communist nationalist coalition vs French in Vietnam.

Vietnam. Annam. 209BC Nam Vet kingdom. 111BC China. 2C Funan, 939 Independent. Khmer, Cham, Mongol invasions repelled. 1407 Ming. 1867 France (S). 1883 Tonkin, Annam French protectorates(N). 1940 Japanese occupy. 1945 Independent. 1946-54 French Indochina War. 1954 Communist Democratic Republic (N). 1955 Republic (S). 1962 Vietnam War. 1976 Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1987 Economic liberalization. 1995 US recognition.

Vietnam War. 1946-54. =Indo China War. 1962-75. Democratic South Vietnam falls to Communists despite US aid to 1973.

Walesa, Lech. 1943-. Polish Solidarity leader instrumental in forcing decline of Communist rule. President 1990-96.

Warlords. 1916-49. China generals seized local power on Yüan Shih-K’ai’s death. Last eliminated by communists.

WFTU. Communist World Federation of Trade Unions. Formed 1945 from IFTU. 1949 Non-Communist ICFTU split off. 2002 vs globalization, privatization.

Xian Incident. 1936. Chiang Kai-shek captured and forced to unite with Communists to fight Japanese.

Bellay, Joachim du. 1522-60. French poet. Defence of French Language 1549 was Pléiade manifesto.

Breton, André. 1896-1966. French poet. Surrealist Manifesto 1924.

February Manifesto. 1899-1905. Override of Finnish Constitution. Rule by Czar’s Edict. Russification 1890-1905.

Mein Kampf. 1925-27. Hitler’s manifesto. “Bible” of Nazism.

October Manifesto. 1905. Nicholas II response to Russian Revolution. If enacted would have created a consititutional monarchy. Octobrists.

Octobrists. 1905-17. Russian party seeking enactment of October Manifesto.

Russian Revolution. 1905. Led to Duma, Constitution and end of Mir system. Police gradually regained authority. October Manifesto. Bloody Sunday. 1917 Feb: Liberal republicans overthrow Czar. Oct: Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky’s Provisional Government, withdraw from WWI.

Tamworth Manifesto. 1834. Peel’s moderate reforms as British Conservative Party platform.