Newton, Isaac. 1643-1727. English physicist. Calculus 1666. Reflecting telescope 1668. Binomial Theorem. 1676. Tides 1683. Law of Gravity and Acceleration 1684. Decomposition of light.Principia Mathematica 1687. Speed of sound 1698.Opticks 1704.

Ngo Dinh Diem. 1901-63. Repressive anti-communist. First President of South Vietnam 1954-. Killed in coup.

Nicholas of Flue, St. 1417-87. Model of compromise, reunited Swiss, 1481.

Nicias. -413BC. Athenian commander. Syracuse siege.

Nijinsky, Vaslaw. 1890-1950. Russian ballet dancer of Diaghilev Company.

Nonconformists. Those who do not subscribe to a state religion. Act of Uniformity.

North West Company. 1783-1821. Rival of Hudson’s Bay Co. Merged.

Northern Expedition. 1926-8. Kuomintang unify China, purge Communists.

Noyes, John. 1811-86. Founded Utopian Oneida community.

Oberammergau. 1634- Passion play every ten years commemorates plague of 1633.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Ockeghem, Johannes. c1430-96. Innovative Franco-Flemish polyphonist composer. Masses, motets.

Odeon. Athenian place of music and poetry competition. Parisian theater 1728.

Offenbach, Jacques. 1819-80. German/French light operatic composer: Tales of Hoffman. Orpheus 1859.

Olaf V. 1903-91 King of Norway 1957-. Commanded army vs Germany in 1944, then fled to England.

Olier, Jean-Jacques. 1608-57. French priest: founded company of St-Sulpice.

Oneida Community. 19C US Perfectionist religious commune founded by Noyes....Oneida silver co.

O’Neill, Eugene. 1888-1953. US playwright: Iceman Cometh 1946. Long Day’s Journey into Night 1956.

Opera Buffa. = Comic Opera. Pergolesi.

Opéra-Comique. 18C-. French light opera infl by Italian Opera Buffa. Grétry.

Ordeal, Trial by. -1219. English common form of trial. eg: fire, battle, dunking.

Orff, Carl. 1895-1982. Modern German composer. Straightforward. Carmina Burana 1936.

Paderewski, Ignacy. 1860-1941. Polish pianist, composer. Prime Minister 1919.

Padilla, Juan de. 1490-1521. Spanish revolutionary. Led Communeros vs Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Executed.

Paganini, Niccolo. 1782-1840. Italian violinist, composer. Revolutionized harmonics use. Capricci 1801-7.

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