Lateran. Complex of 3 buildings in Rome. 16C Palace was papal residence to1309.

Lauder, Harry. 1870-1950. Scot singer/composer: Roamin’ in the Gloamin’.

Lavoisier, Antoine. 1743-94. French “father of modern chemistry”. Oxygen in combustion 1772. Guillotined.

Law Commission Act. 1965. First codification of English common law.

Lawrence, James. 1781-1813. US naval commander in War of 1812. -“Don’t give up the ship!”

Lebanese Crisis. 1958. US Marines intervene in Civil War vs Communists.

Lebanese National Pact. 1943-75. Compromise government of Maronite President, Sunni Prime Minister, Shi’ite Speaker.

Lecompton Constitution. 1858. Rejected pro-slavery Kansas constitution.

Le Duc Tho. 1911-90. Vietnamese Communist leader, revolutionary. Paris Peace Conference. (Refused)

Legion of Honour. French national order instituted by Napoleon, 1802. Five ranks: Grands Croix, Grands Officiers, Commandeurs, Officiers, Chevaliers.

Le Jeune, Claude. c1527-1600. French composer of musique mésurée.

Leninism. Applied Dialectical Materialism. World Proletariat Revolution. Dictatorship of the Proletariat, then transition to Communism. Authoritarian conspiratorial elite conscious of imperative of history. “Freedom in discussion-unity in action”.

Leo IX, St. 1002-54. Pope 1049-. Excommunicated Cerularius, causing East-West Schism.

Leo VI. 866-912. Byzantine Emperor. Compiled Basilica legal code.

Leo X. 1475-1521. Pope 1513-. Excommunicated Luther. Depleted treasury.

Leoncavello, Ruggero. 1857-1919. Italian opera composer. I Pagliacci 1892.

Le Vau, Louis. 1612-70. Architect at Louvre, Versailles, Vaux-le-Vicomte.

Lichtenstein, Roy. 1923-97. New York Pop ‘comic strip’ artist. Whaam! 1963.

Liebig, Justus von. 1808-73. German chemist. Analysis of organic compounds, 1831. Agricultural chemistry, 1841. Chloroform 1831.

Lin Piao. 1907-71. Chinese Communist. general, political leader. Died after coup attempt.

Liszt, Franz. 1811-86. Hungarian pianist, Romantic composer. Harmonic innovator.

Lloyd Webber, Andrew. 1948-. British composer of popular musicals. Jesus Christ, Superstar 1971. Evita 1978. Cats 1981. Phantom of the Opera.

Loewe, Frederick. 1904-88. US composer; partner of Lerner.

Lombards. Germanic people. 568 invaded Italy. 808 Jews formed banking system. 14C Commercial banks.

London Company. 1606. Establishd first permanent English settlement in N America at Jamestown, VA.

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