Gladiators. 264BC-5C. Roman armed combatants for entertainment.

Glinka, Mikhail. 1804-57. First important Russian Nationalist composer. A Life for the Czar 1836.

Gluck, Christoph. 1714-87. Bohemian composer: Orpheus 1762. Developed opera as drama with music.

Goldoni, Carlo. 1707-93. Italian dramatist. Realistic comedy.

Gottwald, Klement. 1896-1953. Czech Communist President 1948-. Overthrew Beneš in coup.

Gounod, Charles. 1818-93. French composer: Faust 1859.

Gräfe, Albrecht. 1828-70. German ophthalmologist. Glaucoma, 1857. Cataract treatment, 1867.

Granados, Enrique. 1867-1916. Spanish Nationalist composer. 7 Operas. Set of Tonadillas. Dances. Goyescas 1911-13.

Grande Armée. 1805-12. Napoleon’s 1,000,000 man army; combined smaller armies for central control.

Grant, Ulysses S. 1822-85. Commander-in-Chief Union army 1864-5 in US Civil War. President 1869-77.

Great Leap Forward. 1958-61. Failed Chinese program for increased output by communes.

Greek Civil War. 1944-9. Communist insurrection defeated with British/US help.

Grieg, Edvard. 1843-1907. Norwegian “miniaturist” composer: Peer Gynt 1875. Gentle and appealing music.

Griselda. Italian wife whose patience was tested by her husband, without complaint.

Guevara, Che. 1928-67. Argentine revolutionary in Cuba, Bolivia. Revolution must precede communism.

Guillotin, Joseph. 1738-1814. Recommended guillotine 1792. Earlier used in Scotland, England.

Haeretico Comburendo. 1401. English statute legalizing the burning of heretics.

Haig, Douglas. 1861-1928. British Commander-in-Chief France 1915-19. War of Attrition.

Halley, Edmund. 1656-1742. English astronomer who explained comets 1705. First meteorological chart 1686.

Handel, George Frideric. 1685-1759. German/ English composer of oratorio, Italian opera. Peak of polyphonic music. Water Music 1717. Messiah 1741. Music for Royal Fireworks 1749.

Hardy, Thomas. 1840-1928. English novelist: Far from the Madding Crowd 1874; Mayor of Casterbridge 1886; Jude the Obscure 1896. Man as victim of fate. -“the worth encompassed by the inevitable”.

Harmony Society. Protestant celibate ascetic communal sect. Founded Harmony, PA 1806.

Harris, Roy. 1898-1979. US National music composer. Oklahoma flavour. Assymetric rhythms.

Harrison, Frederic. 1831-1923. English Positivist: Philosophy of Common Sense 1907.

Hasdrubal. -207BC. Hannibal’s brother. Carthaginian commander.

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