Gallic Wars. 58-51BC. Julius Caesar conquers Gauls, last independent Celts on continent.

German Democratic Republic. (GDR). 1949-90. East Germany. People’s Republic in Soviet mould. COMECON. Warsaw Pact. 1990 Germany.

Ghetto. Jewish area of cities, esp: 1556-1885 Rome; 1239 Valencia; 1462 Frankfurt; 1516 Venice; 1066-1291 Old Jewry, London; 1939 Warsaw.

Gladiatorial Wars. 73-71BC. Spartacus.

Guise, Francois, duc de. 1519-63. Massacred Huguenots at Vassy, 1562, starting War of Religion.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Hardenberg, Karl von. 1750-1822. Prussian chancellor 1810- during Napoleonic Wars. Citizenship to Jews.

Henry III. 1551-89. French king 1574-. Wars of Religion, Three Henrys. Assassinated.

Heptarchy. 5-9C. Seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England: Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, Mercia, E. Anglia, Northumbria. Frequent wars.

Hohenlinden, Battle. 1800. French defeat Austria. Last major battle of War of 2nd Coalition.

Huguenots. 1510-18C. Persecuted French Calvinist Protestants. 300,000 expelled 1685. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Wars of Religion. Edict of Nantes. Henry of Navarre. Declaration of Rights of Man, 1789.

Huss, Jan. 1372-1415. Bohemian priest. Burnt for advocating Wycliffe. Hussite Wars.

Hussite Wars. 1415-36. Huss followers vs HRE for religious reform and Bohemian nationalism. Utraquists.

Ibn Sa’ud. 1880-1953. Conqueror and king of Riyad 1902-, + Najd, Hasa, Asir, Hejaz; united as Saudi Arabia 1932-. Ended tribal wars. First oil wells 1933.

Illyrian Wars. 229BC~219BC. Romans defeat Illyrian pirates. Greeks recognize Romans as civilized, admit them to games.

India-Pakistan Wars. 1949. Splits Kashmir. 1965. India gains most of Rann of Kutch. 1971. Bangladesh Independence.

Indian Wars. 1794-1891. US expansion leads to native vs white conflicts.

Ironclads. 1858-60. Iron-protected wooden warships.

Italian Wars. 1494-1559. Spain, HRE defeat France for control of Italy.

Jassy, Treaty. 1792. Ends Russo-Turkish war. Russia gains Crimea.

Jingoism. Excessive nationalism. Originally for British who intervened in Russo-Turkish War, 1877.

Josephus, Flavius. 37-100. Jewish soldier/historian. History of the Jewish Wars 75-9.

Kaffir Wars. 1779-1879. Bantu vs British in South Africa. Cape Frontier Wars.

Kappel, Wars. 1529,31. Swiss Reformation. Zwingli killed. Swiss cantons allowed to chose faiths.

King’s Peace. 387BC. Sparta, Persia, Athens. Corinthian War.

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