Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

Orléans, Philippe II, duc d’. 1674-1723. French soldier Wars of Grand Alliance, Spanish Succession. Regent for Louis XV.

Osceola. c1804-38. Seminole leader. Arrested at truce talks.

Paix des Dames. Cambrai Treaty. 1529. Francis I’s mother and Charles V’s aunt negotiate halt to Italian Wars.

Pan-Slavism. 19C Slavic unity movement. Caused Russo-Turkish War 1877.

Paris. Son of Priam. Carried Helen back to Troy, starting the Trojan Wars. Shot Achilles. Judged first beauty contest.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Paullus, Aemilius. 229-160BC. Roman victor at Pydna, 168BC. Ended Macedonian War.

Peloponnesian War, Second. 431-404BC. Sparta defeats Athens, beginning Greek decline.

Persian Wars. 490-479BC. Greek city-states repel Persian invasion.

Pillnitz, Declaration of. 1791. Holy Roman Empire, Prussia support Restoration in France. French Revolutionary Wars.

Porter, David. 1780-1843. US. Captured first British warship of 1812 war.

Potidaea. 432BC. Revolt vs Athens. Second Peloponnesian War.

Pressburg, Treaty. 1805. Austria loses in Napoleonic Wars. Cedes land to France.

Procopius the Great. c1380-1434. Bohemian leader in Hussite War.

Pruth, Treaty. 1711. Ends Russo-Turkish War. Turkey regains territory.

Punic Wars. 264-241BC Rome gains Sicily from Carthage. Mylae. 218-201BC Rome defeats Hannibal attack, gains Spain. 149-146BC Rome destroys Carthage.

Radzin, Treaty. 1681. Ends First Russo-Turkish war. Russia gains Ukraine.

Red River Colony. 1812 Selkirk. Wars vs Métis -1821. 1836 Hudson Bay Co. 1870 =Manitoba. Riel. Seven Oaks.

Religion, Wars of. 1562-1598. Eight French wars between Catholics and Protestants. Ended by Edict of Nantes. Sully. Mornay. Three Henrys War.

Restoration. 1660. English Monarchy reinstated following Protectorate. 1791 French Revolutionary Wars.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Ruyter, Michiel. 1607-76. Dutch admiral defeated British in Anglo-Dutch wars.

Sacred Wars. 6-4C BC. Greek city-states, for control of of shrine at Delphi.

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