Berlin-Rome Axis. 1936-45. Axis.

Berlioz, Hector. 1803-1869. French Romantic composer. Grandiose themes directly from feelings.Symph. Fantastique 1830. Romeo and Juliette 1839. Treatise on Orchestration 1844. Damnation of Faust 1846.

Bible. Hebrew and Christian sacred scriptures translated from Hebrew and Aramaic. 3C BC Greek translation. 1382 Wycliffe, Rogers, English. 1522-34 Luther, German. 1611 King James version. Vulgate by St. Jerome. Apocrypha.

Boethius. 475-524. Roman translator of Aristotle. Neoplatonic. Stoic. Consolation of Philosophy 523 (while imprisoned).

Bona Dea. Roman fertility goddess. = Fauna.

Bonaparte, Jerôme. 1784-1860. King of Westphalia 1807-13. Marshal of France. Napoleon’s brother.

Bordeaux. 4C Rome. 412 Goths. 508 Clovis. 1154 English. 1453 France.

Borromeo, St. Charles. 1538-84. Milan Cardinal. First Sunday school, 1580.

Brittany. Inhab c3500BC. Celts. 57BC Rome. 5-6C Britons (Celts) re-settle. 12C Capetian. 1365 Montfort Dukedom. 1532 France.

Brutus, Lucius. Ousted Etruscan Tarquinius to found Roman republic 509BC..

Burgundy. 5C BC Rome. 5C Burgundians settle. 534 Merovingian. 843 divided; W=duchy. 1016 France 1364 Independent duchy. 1477 France(W)/Hapsburg(E).

Cadiz. 1100BC Phoenicia...501BC Carthage. 206BC Rome. 409 Visigoth. 535 Byzantine. 711 Moors 1262 Castile.

Caledonia. Roman name for north of Britain ≈Scotland.

Cambrai League. 1508-10. Holy Roman Empire, Aragon, France, Rome vs Venice.

Camillus, Marcus Furius. 4C BC. Defended Rome against Gaul attack, 387BC. Elected dictator.

Cannae, Battle. 216BC. Hannibal victory over Rome.

Cantabri. Iberian tribe def by Romans.

Capua. (Ancient) c600BC Etruria. c440BC Samnites. 338BC Rome. 216BC Hannibal. 211BC Rome. 456 Vandals. c840 Saracens destroy. Rebuilt as Sta Maria Capua Vetere.

Carausius, Marcus. 245-293. Rebel Roman General. Ruled Britain 286-.

Carrhae, Battle. 53BC. Failed Roman invasion of Parthia. Crassus killed. End of first triumvirate.

Carthage. 814BC Phoenician colony. Dido. 574BC Independence after Tyre falls. 480BC Republic. 264-146BC Punic Wars. Hannibal. 146BC Rome razes, rebuilds. 439 Vandals plunder. 533 Byzantine. 705 Moslem. Tunis.

Cassino. 1944. Town, monastery destroyed in German defence of route to Rome.

Cassiopeia. Andromeda’s mother.

Catalonia. Iberians. Colonized by Phoenicia, Greece, Carthage. c200BC Rome. 5C Goths. 712 Moors. c788 Charlemagne. 1137 +Aragon. 1932 Autonomous. 1939 Spain.

Catiline. 109-62BC. Roman patrician who conspired against Cicero and the Senate.

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