Fire brigade. 4000BC China. 2000BC Egypt. 150BC Rome. 1722 Paris.

Fischer von Erlach, J.B. 1656-1723. Austrian architect. Intro. baroque. Schönbrunn Palace 1696, Church of St Charles Borromeo 1716-37.

Florence. c200BC Etruscan. 59BC Rome. 1198 Independent rep. 1434 Medici. 1532 + Tuscany. 1860 Italy (1865-70 capital).

France. 6C BC Celt, Greek colonies. 51BC Rome. 3-5C Franks, Visigoths inv. 481 Merovingian emp. 751 Carolingian. 843 Split = W Frankish Kingdom. 987 Capetian. 1016 + Burgundy. 1378 Valois dyn. 1589 Bourbon dyn. 1792 Republic. 1799 Consulate. 1804 Empire. 1814 Monarchy rest. 1848 2nd Republic. 1852 2nd Empire. 1870 3rd Republic. 1940 German occupation. 1946 4th Republic. 1958 5th Republic.

Freedmen. Released slaves in Rome, Athens, US South.

Gaiseric. 390-477. Vandal and Alani King 428-. Conquered Roman Africa 429. Sacked Rome 455.

Galicia. Gallaecci. c137BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 585 Visigoth. 1072 León.

Genoa. Ligurian. 3C BC Rome...Byzantine. 641 Lombard. 12C Republic. 13C Empire. 14-15C Decline. 1797 France 1814 «Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Georgia. 6C BC Achaemenid. 4C BC Alexander. 65BC Rome. 330 Christian. 4-5C Sassanids, Byzantine dispute. 6C Sass. 7C Moslem. 8C 2 Kingdoms. c1000 United. 1220 Mongol(E). 14C United. 15C Turk/Persian. 1801 Russia. 1918 Independent. 1921 Soviet Republic. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Ghetto. Jewish area of cities, esp: 1556-1885 Rome; 1239 Valencia; 1462 Frankfurt; 1516 Venice; 1066-1291 Old Jewry, London; 1939 Warsaw.

Great Schism. 1054. East-West Schism. 1378-1417. Period of rival Popes in Rome, Avignon, following Avignon Papacy.

Greece. c3000BC Minoan(Crete). c1500BC Achaean. 11C Aeolian, Ionian. c1100 Dorian. 683 Athens monarchy. 404 Sparta. 371 Thebes. 338 Macedonia...Alexander. 197BC Rome...Byzantine. 1453 AD Ottoman. 1829 Independent kingdom. 1912 +Crete. 1924 Republic. 1935 Constitutional Monarchy. 1973 Republic. 1981 EEC. 1994 EU.

Gregory VII (Hildebrand), St. 1020-85. Pope 1073-. Condemned lay investiture 1075. Henry IV appoints Anti-Pope Clement III, attacked Rome, 1081-3.

Gregory XI. 1329-78. Pope 1370-. Moved Papacy back to Rome from Avignon.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Honorius Flavius. 384-423. Roman Emperor of the West 393-. Rome sacked by Visigoths 410.

Hungary. Celts, Ilyrians. Pannonia. 14BC Rome. Germans, Asians. c600 Avars. c800 Franks. 892-1301 Arpad-Magyars. 1001 Christian monarch. 1241 Mongols invade. 1526 Turks invade. 1664 Ottoman 1699 Hapsburg. 1848-9 Republic. 1866 Dual Monarchy. 1918 Republic. 1949 People’s Republic. 1990 Democratic.

Iapetus. Greek Titan. Father of Atlas and Prometheus.

Iceni. PreRoman British peoples in East Anglia. 60 Boadicia revolted vs Rome.

Innocent II. -1143. Pope 1130-. Fled Rome, 1130-8. Lateran Council.

Ionia. 1000BC Greeks colonize. 546BC Cyrus. 479 Independent. 334 Alexander. 133BC Rome. 15C Ottomans destroyed cities.

Italy. 1861 Kingdom. 1946 Republic. Rome. Cisalpine Republic. Florence. Lombardy. Sardinia. Sicily. Tuscany. Venice.

Jerome, Jerome K. 1859-1927. English novelist: Three Men in a Boat.

Jerome, St. c347-c420. Translated Greek and Hebrew bible to Latin. Vulgate.

Jerusalem. 3500BC settled. c1000BC David conquers for Israel. 721BC Assyrians conquer. Lost Tribes. 586BC Nebuchadnezzar. 539BC Cyrus. 332BC Alexander...320BC Ptolemy I Soter. 197BC Seleucid. 167BC Hasmonaean. 63BC Rome. 324 Byzantine. 614 Persia. 637 Moslem. 1099 Crusades. Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1260 Mameluk. 1517 Ottoman. 1917 British Mandate. 1949 Israel/Jordan. 1967 Israel re-unites. 1996 Israel/Palestinian Authority.

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