Beethoven, Ludwig van. 1770-1827. German composer expressing emotions in music. Tone poet. Developed form and structure. “The Shakespeare of music”. 9 Symphonies. Eroica 1804. 5th 1807. 9th 1824.

Benten. Japanese god of reasoning. Patron of literature, music, femininity.

Burgundian. Dominant European musical school in 15C. Dufay.

Caccini, Giulio. 1550-1618. Italian composer. Monodic music, early operas.

Cage, John. 1912-92. Father of US avant-garde musical movement. Experiments with randomness and new sounds.

Carrillo, Julian. 1875-1965. Mexican composer of microtonic music.

Cavaliere, Emilio del. c1550-1602. Added arias and choral movements to cantatas. Early dramatic music.

Cecilia, St. 2-3C. Patron saint of music.

Expressionism. 20C Music style of intense emotion, conflict, distortion. Mahler. Strauss.

Falla, Manuel de. 1876-1946. Spanish composer influenced by folk music, Debussy. Nights in the Garden of Spain 1916.

Flemish. School of Music. 1450-1550. Vocal contrapuntal ideal of a capella.

Franco de Colonia. 13C. Systemized musical notation.

Gabrieli, Andrea. c1510-86. Venetian church music composer. First to combine voice and instruments in concerto form.

Gluck, Christoph. 1714-87. Bohemian composer: Orpheus 1762. Developed opera as drama with music.

Grieg, Edvard. 1843-1907. Norwegian “miniaturist” composer: Peer Gynt 1875. Gentle and appealing music.

Guido d’Arezzo. c990-1050. Italian Benedictine monk. Invented musical staff.

Handel, George Frideric. 1685-1759. German/ English composer of oratorio, Italian opera. Peak of polyphonic music. Water Music 1717. Messiah 1741. Music for Royal Fireworks 1749.

Harris, Roy. 1898-1979. US National music composer. Oklahoma flavour. Assymetric rhythms.

Hindemith, Paul. 1895-1963. German Gebrauchmusik movement composer. Music as social expression.

Howells, Herbert. 1892-1983. British church music composer.

Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Internationale. Revolutionary song based on a poem by Pottier, 1871. Music by Degeyter.

Ireland, John. 1879-1962. English chamber music composer. Forgotten Rite 1913.

Isthmian Games. 582BC-393 AD. Corinthian athletic, musical competitions. Olympics.

Josquin des Prés. c1445-1521. Flemish composer of motets and masses. Advanced musical expressiveness. -“Father of Musicians”.

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