Women’s Christian Temperance Union. 1874. US movement vs alcoholic drink.

Yemen. ~10CBC Minaean, Saba’, Qataban, Himyarite Kingdoms. 1C Jews settle. 4C Christians settle. 525 Abyssinia. 575 Persia. 7C Moslem. 9C ’Alid Zaydi dynasty. 1173 Ayyubid. c1229 Rasulid. 1517 Ottoman. 1962 Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen). 1990 Merged with c100BC Himyarite. 1229 Rasulis. 1635 Zaydi. 1735 Divided South: 1802 British protection. 1839 British East India Company. 1937 Aden British Protectorate. 1963 Federation of South Arabia. 1967 People’s Republic of Yemen. 1735 North: 1872 Ottoman. 1920 Tribal. 1962 Yemen Arab Republic 1990 merged=Yemen.

Academy. c387BC-529. Greek school founded by Plato dedicated to exploration of science and philosophical truth. Closed by Justinian.

Anne. 1665-1714. British Queen 1702-. Reign notable for literarature, science, architecture. Last Stuart. Acts of Union, Settlement.

Babbage, Charles. 1792-1871. British. Invented Difference Engine, 1823-34 -first computer. Founded British Association for the Advancement of Science 1831, Royal Astronomical Society 1820, Royal Statistical Society 1834.

Bacon, Francis. 1561-1626. English chancellor and philosopher. First king’s counsel. Favoured inductive over deductive reasoning. Separated Science from religion. New Atlantis 1625. B. Scientific method: Novum Organum 1620. Essays 1625.

Baer, Karl. 1792-1876. Estonian/German naturalist: founded science of embryology. Discovered ovum 1827.

Bauhaus. 1919-33. German art institute. ’Arts and sciences should cooperate in architecture’ -Gropius.

Clarke, Arthur C. 1917-2008. British science fiction writer. Predicted geosynchronous satellites 1945. 2001: A Space Odyssey 1968.

Conscience, Hendrik. 1812-83. Romantic novelist; developed Flemish novel.

Hubbard, L Ron. 1911-86. Science Fiction writer. Founded Scientology. Dianetics, the Modern Science of Mental Health.

Institute of France. 226 members. Comprises Académie Française, 1635; Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, 1663; Science, 1666; Fine Arts 1795; Political Science, 1832. Four Nations.

K’ang-hsi. 1654-1722. Chinese Emperor 1661-. Expanded China. Encouraged western science education.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Mabillon, Jean. 1632-1707. French Benedictine scholar. Science of diplomatics. De re diplomatica 1681.

Modernism. 19C Movement to reinterpret Roman Catholicism based on science, psychology. Declared heretical, 1907. Loisy. Tyrrell.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. 1881-1955. British. Social anthropology as science.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Scaliger, Joseph. 1540-1609. Classical scholar. Founded science of chronology.

Stern, Otto. 1888-1969. German/US physicist, anticipated atomic science.

Thales. c624-546BC. Greek philosopher/scientist. Predicted eclipse, 585. First to enunciate the existence of natural laws of science. Water as basis of all matter. Critical discussion leads to knowledge. Static electricity.

Thucydides. 5C BC. Greek historian of Peloponnesian Wars. Objective historical science.

Verne, Jules. 1828-1905. French Science Fiction fantasy writer. Voyage to the Centre of the Earth 864. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 1870. Round the World in 80 Days 1873.

Wells, H. G. 1866-1946. English Science Fiction fantasy and social novelist. Time Machine 1895; War of the Worlds 1898.

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