Pomerania. Baltic area including Danzig. Independent duchy 11-17C.

Post-Romantic. Music style of late 19C, early 20C. Exaggerated Romanticism. Mahler. Schoenberg.

Pound, Ezra. 1885-1972. US poet/translator of Oriental and Provençale poetry. Pisan Cantos. Pro-Fascism led to incarceration in an asylum 1946-58.

Pretoria Convention. 1881. Transvaal self-government under British suzerainty.

Primo de Rivera, Miguel. 1879-1930. Spanish fascist dictator 1923- by coup. Ended Moroccan War 1927.

Progressive Bloc. 1915-17. Russian liberals urging reforms.

Prohibition. 1920-33. US 18th Amendment. Alcoholic drinks illegal. Repealed by 21st. Temperance Movement.

Prokofiev, Sergei. 1891-1953. Russian Romantic opera and symphony composer, pianist. Strong folk element. Peter and the Wolf 1936.

Psychophysical Parallelism. Mind and body run on synchronized clocks started by God, but do not interact. Guelinex.

Ptolemy I Suter. c366-283BC. Ruled Egypt 323-; king 305-. General of Alexander the Great.

Puccini, Giacomo. 1858-1924. Popular Italian naturalist opera composer: La Boheme 1896. Tosca 1900. Madame Butterfly 1904.

Purcell, Henry. 1658-1695. English chorale composer. First English opera. Dido and Aeneas 1689. King Arthur 1691. Fairy Queen 1692.

Putnam. American General at Bunker Hill. “Don’t shoot until you see the whites of their eyes.”

Pyrrhus. 319-272BC. King of Epirus. Defeated Romans at Heraclea and Ausculum at great cost (Pyrrhic Victory). Memoirs.

Quadrilateral. Austrian fortresses: Legnago, Mantua, Verona, Peschiera.

Quantrill, William. 1837-65. Confederate guerilla leader of 1863 massacre at Lawrence, Kansas.

Quartering Acts. 1765-70,74. Forced Colonies to pay for British troops stationed there. Intolerable Acts. Stamp Act.

Quebec Act. 1774. Britain creates permanent government for Canada. Tolerance for French Canadians a cause of American Revolution. Intolerable Acts.

Radishchev, Aleksandr. 1749-1802. Liberal Russian writer. Denounced serfdom. Exiled to Siberia.

Radom, Confederation of. 1767. Polish nobles oppose king’s reforms leading to Partition.

Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti. 1879-1972. Indian Governor General 1948-50. Founded Swatantra Party 1959.

Rambouillet, Marquise de. 1588-1665. First Paris literary salon.

Rameau, Jean-Philippe. 1683-1764. Composer for harpsichord and operas based on classical themes. Castor and Pollux 1737. Pygmalion 1748.

Realism. General concepts have an existence independent of material things or names. Plato. St Anselm.

Redi, Francesco. 1626-97. Italian naturalist. Maggots from fly eggs, not spontaneous generation, 1668.

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