Owen, Robert. 1771-1858. Welsh socialist. Began utopian cooperatives in England and US. Lanark 1799. Rochdale 1844.

Owens, Jesse. 1913-80. Black US athlete. 4 golds at 1936 Berlin Olympics contradicted Hitler’s Aryan supremacy.

Palestine Liberation Organization. PLO. 1964. To reclaim land from Israel. 1988 Proclaimed Palestinian State. 1993 Israel-PLO Accord, mutual recognition. Palestinian Authority. Arafat. Terrorism. Munich Olympics.

PalestinianAuthority. 1996-. Government of Jerusalem West Bank and Gaza Strip. Arafat. PLO.

Pandit, Vijaya. 1900-90. Fought for Indian independence. First woman president of UN General Assembly 1953-4. Nehru’s Sister.

Pangkor Engagement. 1874. Treaty with Perak established British rule in Malaya.

Parmentier, Antoine. 1737-1813. French agronomist, cultivated potatoes.

Patton, George. 1885-1945. US general. Tank warfare.

Pelopidas. -364BC. Theban general. Defeated Sparta.

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista. 1710-36. Italian opera buffa composer. La serva padrona 1733. “War of the Buffoons” Paris 1752.

Peri, Jacopo. 1561-1633. Florentine composer. First opera. Dafne 1594. Euridice 1600.

Perpetual Alliance. 1291. Association of Swiss Cantons which engendered today’s Confederation.

Pershing, John. 1860-1948. US general; commanded French front 1918. WWI.

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Petöfi, Sándor. 1823-49. Hungarian lyric poet. Hero of the 1848-9 revolution. Poetry of Liberation. János Vitéz 1845.

Pfitzner, Hans. 1869-1949. German Post-romantic opera composer. Palestrina 1917.

Philip II. 382-336BC. General: unified Macedonia. Alexander’s father.

Picquart, Georges. 1854-1914. French general imprisoned for defense of Dreyfus.

Pilsudski, Józef. 1867-1935. Polish general, Head of State 1918-22, Prime Minister after coup 1926-. Defended Poland vs Russia 1919-20.

Pius IX. 1792-1878. Pope 1846-. Longest reign. Defined Immaculate Conception 1854 Papal Infallibility. Syllabus Errorum 1864 criticized Liberalism.

Plain. Moderate party in French Revolution. Montagnards.

PLO. Palestine Liberation Organization.

Pogrom. Attack on minority, usually Jews, sanctioned by government. 1881~1906 Russia. 1261 London. Poland, Germany during Hitler regime.

Poincaré, Raymond. 1860-1934. French president 1913-20, Prime Minister 1912~29. Conservative nationalist. Occupied Ruhr.

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