Nobel Prize. Nobel legacy funded. Peace Prize and prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature. 1969 +Economics. . Declined: Le Duc Tho, Pasternak, Sartre.

Nobile, Umberto. 1885-1978. Italian general, flew over South Pole in a dirigible, 1926, with Amundsen, Ellsworth.

Noncooperation Movement. 1920-22. Ghandi’s non-violent protest in India. Amritsar Massacre.

North German Confederation. 1867-71. 22 states led by Prussia. German Empire.

Nostradamus. 1503-66. French astrologer. Prophesied Napoleon and Hitler.

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. 1968. USSR, US, UK, +59 others. Effective 1970.

Nullification. US states’ rights to remedy federal abuse of power locally. Calhoun.

Nuremberg Rallies. 1933-8. Annual Nazi festivals followed by Hitler policy speech.

OAS. Organization of American States. 1948. Western Hemisphere organization for peace, security, and economic cooperation. Cuba expelled 1962.

Oberammergau. 1634- Passion play every ten years commemorates plague of 1633.

O’Donnell, Leopoldo. 1809-67. Spanish general with Isabella II vs Carlists.

OECD. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1961. For expansion of world trade. OEEC + US, Canada, Australia, NZ.

OEEC. Organization for European Economic Cooperation. 1948-61. Western European trade organization. OECD.

Oehlenschläger, Adam. 1779-1850. Danish Romantic poet.

Offenbach, Jacques. 1819-80. German/French light operatic composer: Tales of Hoffman. Orpheus 1859.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

Olmütz, Treaty. 1850. Restored German Confederation under Austria.

Opéra. 1861-75. Paris opera house by Garnier.

Opera Buffa. = Comic Opera. Pergolesi.

Opéra-Comique. 18C-. French light opera infl by Italian Opera Buffa. Grétry.

Orestes. -476. Roman general. Deposed Nepos for his son, Romulus Augustulus.

Orléans, Louis Philippe, duc d’. 1747-93. Became Citizen Égalité 1892. Joined Third Estate. Father of King Louis-Philippe.

Oscar I. 1799-1859. King of Norway and Sweden 1844-. Liberal reforms.

Outer Space Treaty. 1967. International cooperation in space. Controlled military uses. 70+ signatories.

Overlord, Operation. = Normandy Invasion.

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