Augsburg Confession. 1530. Doctrine of faith of Lutheran Church. Consubstantiation. Predestination. Diet of Augsburg. Melanchthon.

Aumale, Henri, duc d’Orleans. 1822-97. French general, Orleanist leader.

Austro-Prussian War. 1866. Austria excluded from German Confederation. Austrian influence in Italy ended. Dual Monarchy.

Autobahn. German road system begun by Hitler to reduce unemployment, 1934.

Averescu, Alexandru. 1859-1938. Romanian General and Prime Minister. Suppressed 1907 peasant revolt.

Axis Pact. 1936-45. German-Italian Agreement, 1936. Cooperative alliance maintained through WWII. Allied with Spain, 1939; Japan, 1936. Yugoslavia 1941. Tripartite Pact.

Ayer, Alfred. 1910-89. British Logical Positivist. Foundation of Empirical Knowledge. Language, Truth and Logic 1936.

Baden-Powell, Robert. 1857-1941. English General, founded Boy Scouts 1908; Girl Guides with sister Agnes, 1910.

Baldwin, Stanley. 1867-1947. British Conservative Prime Minister. 1923~37. General Strike. Opposed rearmament. “Safety First”.

Balkan Wars. 1912-13. Balkan League defeats Ottoman Empire. Turkish territory distributed. General dissatisfaction termed the “powder keg of Europe”.

Baltic Wars of Liberation. 1918-20. Established independent states of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.

Bar, Confederation of. 1768-72. Polish RC nobles vs Russian hegemony.

Barbarossa, Operation. 1941. German invasion of USSR.

Baroja y Nessi, Pio. 1872-1956. Basque novelist. Terse style influenced Hemingway. Somber Lives 1900. Generation of ’98.

Baron. 1066-. 5th (lowest) rank of British peerage.

Baroque Art. 1600-1750. Orig in Italy, spread across W. Europe. Architecture: Ornate style characterized by stucco, frescoes, rood screens. Vanbrugh. Bernini’s Barberini Palace. Music: Counterpoint vs Renaissance polyphony. Opera, cantata. Bach. Monteverdi. Vivaldi. Painting: Dynamic, emotional. Caravaggio. Reni. Rubens.Van Dyck. Rococo.

Basel, Treaty. 1795. Prussia, France exchange Rhine territories.

Bauhaus. 1919-33. German art institute. ’Arts and sciences should cooperate in architecture’ -Gropius.

Beaufort, François. 1616-69. Adored Fronde general. King of Halles.

Beauregard, Pierre. 1818-93. Confederate general. Ordered attack on Ft. Sumter.

Bede, St. (The Venerable). 673-735. English historian: De Temporum Ratione 725.Ecclesiastical History 731.

Beer Hall Putsch. 1923. Hitler’s unsuccessful Munich uprising. Wrote Mein Kampf while imprisoned 8 months.

Belinsky, V.G. 1811-48. Russian literary critic. Emphasized social responsibility of literature. “Father of Russian radical intelligentsia.”

Belisarius. ~505-564. Byzantine general vs Persia, Vandals, Goths, Huns.

Bellerophon. Pegasus’ rider, destroyed the Chimera.

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