Tractarian Movement. Oxford Movement. 1833- Named after Tracts for the Times. Condemned at Oxford 1841.

Underground Railroad. 1838-65. Northerners help US slaves escape to Canada, defying Fugitive Slave Acts.

Vagrancy Acts. England. 1459 Authorized imprisonment. 1530 whipping. 1535 mutilation. 1597 included entertainers. 1713 branding prohibited.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. 1798,9. States protest Alien +Sedition Acts limiting freedoms. Nullification.