Wang Yang-ming. 1472-1529. Chinese Idealist neo-Confucianist philosopher.

Warring States. 481-221BC. Chinese period of many small feuding kingdoms.

Yang. Chinese symbol of heaven, light, male, positive, active. Yin.

Yellow Turban Rebellion. 184-204. Chinese secret society vs Emperor. Fall of Han dynasty. Ts’ao Ts’ao.

Yin. Chinese symbol of earth, dark, female, cold, passive, negative. Yang.

Yü the Great. -2197BC. Legendary founder of First Chinese dynasty, Hsia.

Yüan. 1279-1368. Chinese Mongol dynasty founded by Kublai Khan. Grand Canal. Postal system. Marco Polo.

Yüan Shih-kai. 1859-1916. First president of Chinese Republic 1912-. Attempts to establish a new dynasty failed. Warlords.

Alabama Claims. 1872. US claim damages caused by British built warships in Civil War. $15M=£3.25M awarded by arbitration.

Ali. 4th Caliph, 656-661. Son-in-law of Muhammad. Succession led to Sunni/Shi’ite split. Moslem Civil War.

American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU. 1920-. US legal action group supporting civil rights.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

Amorites. 1900-1600BC. Babylonian civilization conquered Sumerians. Hammurabi.

Aryans. 2000BC. Nomads from Steppes spread to India. Founded Indus Civilization, 3240-2750BC. Hyksos Empire in Syria, 1720-1550BC. Introduced horse chariots. Basis for all Indo-European languages.

Barton, Clara. 1821-1912. US Civil War nurse. Founded US Red Cross 1881.

Beirut. 20C BC Phoenicia. 15BC Rome. 635 Moslem. 1110 Crusaders. 1187 Saladin. 1516 Ottoman. 1291 Mameluk. 1920 Capital of Lebanon. 1975-90 Lebanese Civil War.

Benefit of Clergy. 1170-1827. Literates and clergy exempt from trial by English civil court. 1489- Once only, branding. Jonson.

Brady, Matthew. c1823-96. US Civil War photographer.

Britain, Battle of. 1940-1. German blitz air raids on British civilian centers. RAF defeats Luftwaffe, averting invasion.

Buchanan, James. 1791-1868. US President 1857-61. Compromise policy failed to avert civil war.

Burckhardt, Jacob. 1818-97. Swiss cultural historian. Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 1860.

Camel, Battle of the. 656. Basra. Ali victory in first Moslem Civil War.

Castro, Fidel. 1926-. Cuban lawyer. Cuban Revolution. Dictator 1959-.

Cavaliers. Royalist partisans in English Civil War.

Charles I. 1600-49. King of Great Britain and Ireland. 1625-. Attempted to rule without Parliament. Defeated in Civil War. Beheaded.

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