Malawi. c13C Chewa. 19C Yao, Ngoni. 1859 Explored by Livingstone. 1893 British protectorate. 1907 =Nyasaland. 1953 +Northern Rhodesia. 1964 Independent =Malawi. Zambia. Banda.

Man in the Iron Mask. Anonymous Bastille prisoner 1698-1703.

Mandaeanism. Persian Gnostic sect revering John the Baptist. Fertility worship.

Mandela, Nelson. 1918-. South African anti-Apartheid ANC leader. Jailed 1962-90. President 94-99.

Mansfield, Katherine. 1888-1923. NZ/English short story writer.

Manzoni, Alessandro. 1785-1873. Italian Romatic writer. The Betrothed 1825-7.

Maori. Polynesian people of New Zealand. Migrated before 800 AD (1150 by their legend).

Marathon, Battle. 490BC. Athenians defeat Persian invaders.

Marcel, Étienne. 1316-58. French draper who led unsuccessful Paris revolt vs Dauphin Charles V, 1355-8, while John II captured by English. Assassinated.

Marcellus, Marcus. c268-208BC. Roman consul. Conquered Syracuse 212BC. “The Sword of Rome”.

March on Washington. 1963. 200,000 in civil rights march led by King-“I have a dream”.

Margaret. Maid of Norway. 1283-90. Queen of Scotland 1286-. Betrothed to son of Edward I. Death led to England claiming Scotland, Civil War 1290-1314. Robert the Bruce.

Maria Theresa. 1717-80. Hapsburg Empress of Austria-Hungary 1740-. War of Austrian Succession.

Marie Antoinette. 1755-93. Daughter of Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa, Queen Consort to Louis XVI. Guillotined for seeking US aid vs French Revolution. -“Let them eat cake”.

Marie de Medici. 1573-1642. Queen consort to Henry IV, mother of Louis XIII. Regent 1610-14. Built Luxembourg Palace. Opposed Richelieu. Banished 1630. Died penniless.

Marie Thérèse. 1638-83. Queen Consort to Louis XIV. Daughter of Philip IV. Unpaid dowry caused War of Devolution.

Marmousets. Advisers to French Charles V and VI.

Marseillaise. French national anthem, by Rouget de Lisle, 1792. Named for volunteer militia who adopted song on march to Paris.

Marsilius of Padua. c1282-1343. Italian political philosopher. -“political power comes from the people”.

Martin I, St. Pope 649-55. Convoked Lateran Council to debate Monothelitism.

Marx Brothers. Groucho 1890-1977. Harpo 1888-1964. Chico 1886-1961. Zeppo 1901-79. Gummo 1893-1977. US film comedians. Animal Crackers 1928. Duck Soup 1933.

Mary. Virgin mother of Jesus. Free from Original Sin. Most important Roman Catholic saint.

Mary II. 1662-94. Queen of England with William III, 1689-. Expelled her father, James II.

Mary of Burgundy. 1457-82. Duchess. Marriage to Maximilian I gave Netherlands to Hapsburgs.

Mary Stuart. 1542-87. Queen of Scots 1542-67. Abdicated. Married Francis II. Queen of France 1559-60. Married Darnley 1565. Married Bothwell 1567, causing Scottish Revolt. Beheaded with Babington by Elizabeth I. Mother of James I.

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