Calliope. The Greek Muse of epic poetry.

Calvin, John. 1509-64. Reformist in Switzerland and France. Predestination, truth by faith. Institutes of Christian Religion 1536, used by others to justify Protestantism. Calvinism.

Cambridge Platonists. 17C. Tried to synthesize Plato and Christianity. Christian Humanists.

Camel, Battle of the. 656. Basra. Ali victory in first Moslem Civil War.

Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. CND. 1958- Founded by Russell. Aldermaston Marches. The peace symbol, overlaid semaphore ND, was designed for the CND.

Campanella, Tommaso. 1568-1639. Italian monk, philosopher. City of the Sun 1602 parallels Plato’s Republic.

Canterbury Cathedral. 1070-89. First double transept.

Cape of Good Hope. Bantu. 1652 Dutch. 1814 British Cape Colony. 1910 Province, South Africa.

Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Caravaggist School of Painting. Themes of courtesan, cheaters. e.g. George de la Tour.

Cardigan, James Brudenell, Earl of. 1797-1868. British General. Led Charge of the Light Brigade. Tennyson. Crimean War.

Carib. Warlike natives of Amazon Basin. 15C conquered Arawak. Cannibals. Decimated by disease. St Vincent.

Carloman. 751-771. Charlemagne’s brother and co-ruler.

Carlos, Don. 1788-1855. Claimed Spanish throne 1833, succeeding brother Ferdinand VII. Carlists.

Carlyle, Thomas. 1795-1881. Scottish writer: Heroes and Hero Worship 1841. Cromwell’s Letters 1845. -“Britain-the chosen nation”.

Carnot, Lazare. 1753-1823. French mathematician. Called “organizer of victory” by Revolutionaries. Member of Directory, Tribunal. Instituted conscription.

Carnot, Sadi. 1837-94. President of the Third French Republic, 1887-. Assassinated.

Carothers, Wallace. 1896-1937. Invented nylon, 1935 at duPont.

Carpetbagger. 1865-77. Northern politicians in S US during Reconstruction.

Carpion. Greek. An architect of Parthenon.

Carson, Rachel. 1907-64. US biologist: The Silent Spring 1962.

Cartwright, Alexander. “Father of American baseball”. Established rules for modern game.

Caryatid. Draped female figure used as arch. column. Esp. Erechtheum, Athens c420BC.

Cassander. c354-297BC. Macedonian King. Fought for control after Alexander’s death. Diadochi.

Cassiopeia. Andromeda’s mother.

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