Van Dyck, Anthony. 1599-1641. Flemish portrait painter. Subjects showed dignity, elegance. Charles I 1635.

Vergennes, Charles, Compte de. 1719-87. French foreign minister. Allied with American revolutionaries. Treaty of Paris 1783.

Villiers, G. 1592-1628. First Duke of Buckingham. Incompetent favourite of Charles I who dissolved parliament to prevent his impeachment, 1626 causing Civil War.

Wagram, Battle. 1809. Napoleon defeats Austrian Archduke Charles. Znaim. Schönbrunn Treaty.

Wallace, Alfred. 1823-1913. British naturalist. Theory of natural selection, 1838, independent of Darwin.

Wheatstone, Charles. 1802-75. English physicist: microphone. Telegraph 1836. Resistance bridge 1843. Concertina 1829. Stereoscope.

Wilkes, Charles. 1798-1877. US Commander, Antarctic explorer. Caused Trent Affair.

Wilson, Charles. 1869-1959. Scottish physicist. Cloud Chamber 1911.

Worms, Diet of. 1521. Called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Lutheranism outlawed. Luther declared heretic, exiled. Reformation.

Znaim Armistice. 1809. Napoleon and Archduke Charles. Wagram Battle.

Anjala League. 1788-89. Swedish, Finnish officers conspire vs Gustav III to end Russo-Swedish War.

Bunsen, Robert. 1811-99. German chemist, perfected bunsen burner. Discovered Caesium, Rubidium 1860. Spectroscopy 1859. Kirchhoff.

Champ-de-Mars. Garden under the Eiffel Tower. Originally Gabriel’s parade ground for École Militaire.

Courbet, Gustave. 1819-77. French Realist painter, socialist activist. Commune. The Artist’s Studio 1855.

Doré, Gustave. 1832-83. French illustrator.

Eiffel, Gustave. 1832-1923. French engineer, builder of Eiffel Tower.

Expressionism. 20C Music style of intense emotion, conflict, distortion. Mahler. Strauss.

Flaubert, Gustave. 1821-1880. French Realist novelist. Madame Bovary 1851. Novembre 1842. Acquitted of corrupting public morals, 1857.

Gustav I. Vasa. 1496-1560. Elected Swedish king 1523-. Defeated Danes, dissolved Kalmar Union.

Gustav IV. Adolf. 1778-1837. Swedish king 1792-1809. Lost Finland. Overthrown.

Holst, Gustav. 1874-1934. British composer: original style, harmonic experiments. Planets 1918.

Husak, Gustav. 1913-91. Czech leader 1968-89. Put in power by Moscow during Czech Invasion. Pres 1975-89.

Kirchhoff, Gustav. 1824-87. German physicist: spectral analysis 1859. Cesium 1860. Bunsen. Electrical equations 1845.

Klemperer, Otto. 1885-1973. German conductor of Stravinsky, Mahler, Beethoven.

Klimt, Gustav. 1862-1918. Vienna Sezession allegorical mural painter. Kiss 1908.

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