Van Dyck, Anthony. 1599-1641. Flemish portrait painter. Subjects showed dignity, elegance. Charles I 1635.

Vergennes, Charles, Compte de. 1719-87. French foreign minister. Allied with American revolutionaries. Treaty of Paris 1783.

Villiers, G. 1592-1628. First Duke of Buckingham. Incompetent favourite of Charles I who dissolved parliament to prevent his impeachment, 1626 causing Civil War.

Wagram, Battle. 1809. Napoleon defeats Austrian Archduke Charles. Znaim. Schönbrunn Treaty.

Wallace, Alfred. 1823-1913. British naturalist. Theory of natural selection, 1838, independent of Darwin.

Wheatstone, Charles. 1802-75. English physicist: microphone. Telegraph 1836. Resistance bridge 1843. Concertina 1829. Stereoscope.

Wilkes, Charles. 1798-1877. US Commander, Antarctic explorer. Caused Trent Affair.

Wilson, Charles. 1869-1959. Scottish physicist. Cloud Chamber 1911.

Worms, Diet of. 1521. Called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Lutheranism outlawed. Luther declared heretic, exiled. Reformation.

Znaim Armistice. 1809. Napoleon and Archduke Charles. Wagram Battle.

Amadeus VIII. Antipope Felix V 1439-49.

Anne of Cleves. 1515-57. Fourth wife of Henry VIII. Divorced.

Antony, Mark. c83-30BC. Caesar’s lieutenant. Triumvirate 43-32. Defeated at Actium with Cleopatra. Suicide.

Barton, Elizabeth. 1506-34. Maid of Kent. Executed for prophesy against Henry VIII marrying Anne Boleyn.

Boleyn, Anne. 1507-36. 2nd Queen of Henry VIII, mother of Elizabeth I. Beheaded.

Boniface VIII. c1235-1303. Pope 1294-. Claimed supremacy over kings. Captured by French adviser.

Carlos, Don. 1788-1855. Claimed Spanish throne 1833, succeeding brother Ferdinand VII. Carlists.

Catherine of Aragon. 1485-1536. First wife of Henry VIII. Marriage annulled.

Catherine of Valois. 1401-37. Wife of Henry V. Mother of Henry VI and VII of England.Tudor.

Celestine V, St. 1209-96. Founded Celestines 1264. 1294 First Pope to abdicate. Imprisoned by Boniface VIII.

Church of England. 1534. Anglican Church. National English church, founded by Henry VIII. Redefined by Elizabeth I, 1559. Act of Supremacy.

Clement VII. Antipope 1378-94. Avignon. Election caused Great Schism.

Clement VII. Pope 1523-34. Refused Henry VIII divorce.

Clement VIII. Antipope 1423-29. Ended Great Schism.

Cleopatra VII. 69-30BC. Queen of Egypt, lover of Caesar and Antony. Suicide.

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