Preston, Battle. 1648. Cromwell defeats Charles I last forces in English Civil War.

Ramuz, Charles. 1878-1947. Swiss novelist: Terror on the Mountain 1925. Beauty on Earth 1927. Soldier’s Tale.

Regicides. 1649. Those who condemned Charles I. 10 executed 1660.

Republic French. 1792-1804 First. 1848-52 Second. Napoleon III. 1870-1940 Third. 1946-58. Fourth. 23 governments in 12 years. 1958-. Fifth. DeGaulle.

Restoration Period. England 1660-88. Charles II, James II. France 1814~30. Louis XVIII, Charles X.

Robert, Charles. Paris balloonist 1783.

Roberts, Charles. 1860-1943. Poet, “Father of Canadian literature”. Songs of the Common Day 1893.

Rye House Plot. 1683. Failed plot to kill Charles II and Duke of York.

Sainte-Beuve, Charles. 1804-69. French critic: Causeries de lundi 1851-62.

Sandys, Edwin. 1561-1629. English parliamentarian. His ideas helped overthrow Charles I.

Sherrington, Charles. 1857-1952. British experimental physiologist.

Spanish Armada. 1588. English support Dutch Revolt. Philip II sends 129 ships against England. Howard, Drake, Hawkins, with 197 ships, chase the armada from English Channel, thanks to a NW gale. Spain declines as naval power. Wars of Religion.

Spirit of St. Louis. 1927. Lindbergh’s plane for solo Atlantic flight.

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. 1572. Catherine de Medici has 2000 Huguenots killed by Charles IX.

Stanford, Charles. 1852-1924. Irish composer, led revival of English music. Irish Rhapsodies.

Star Chamber. 1327-1641. English tribunal to try offences against the state. Abused by Charles I.

Strafford, First earl. 1593-1641. English adviser to Charles I. Executed by Parliament.

Strasbourg Oath. 842. Charles II, Louis II oppose Lothair I. Earliest example of written French.

Stuart, Charles Edward. Charlie, Bonnie Prince.

Stuart, Frances. 1648-1702. “Only true love” of Charles II of England.

Sumner, Charles. 1811-74. US Abolitionist senator. Urged Johnson impeachment.

Taiping Rebellion. 1850-64. Hung Hsiu-ch’üan and Taiping socialist rebels capture Nanking 1853. Defeated by Gordon. Weakened Manchu dynasty.

Titian. c1489-1576. Venetian painter of dynamic composition and brilliant color. Assumption of Virgin 1518. Charles V 1548. Rape of Europa 1562. Piéta 1576.

Triennial Act. 1640. Charles I agrees to call parliament every 3 years. 1694. New election every 3 years.

Uniformitarianism. Earth shaped by ongoing processes indicative of time. Lyell.

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