Montesquieu, Charles. 1689-1755. French political philosopher. De l’esprit de lois 1748. Idea of separate executive/legislative branches of government adopted in US, France.

Montrose, James Graham, Marq. of. 1612-50. Scottish general for Charles I in Civil War. Executed.

Morny, Charles, duc de. 1811-65. French coup organizer 1851 for Napoleon III.

Mother Goose. Perrault. Contes de ma mère l’oye 1697. From an old French expression = “old wives’ tales”....Mother Goose’s Melody 1781.

Nassau Agreement. 1962. US-British agreement on Polaris missiles for Royal Navy caused DeGaulle to veto British entry to EEC.

National Covenant. 1638. Oath to maintain Scottish Presbyterianism against Charles I episcopacy. 1638-90. Presbyterians persecuted in Scotland. 1643-67 Solemn League allied with Parliament in Civil War. 1647-supported Charles. 1661 illegal.

Nineteen Propositions. 1642. Parliament’s demands, rejected by Charles I. Civil War.

Obelisk. 3300 year old Luxor gift of Muhammad Ali to Charles X, 1829. Place de la Concorde, Paris.

Opéra. 1861-75. Paris opera house by Garnier.

Orléans, Charles, duc d’. 1394-1465. Fought with Armagnacs vs Burgundians. Captured at Agincourt 1415. Ransomed 1440. Last courtly poet of France.

Padilla, Juan de. 1490-1521. Spanish revolutionary. Led Communeros vs Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Executed.

Paix des Dames. Cambrai Treaty. 1529. Francis I’s mother and Charles V’s aunt negotiate halt to Italian Wars.

Parnassians. 1867-99. French detached anti-Romantic poetry school. Leconte de Lisle. Sully-Prudhomme. Verlaine. Gautier. Baudelaire.

Parnell, Charles. 1846-91. Irish nationalist. Founded Land League.

Parsons, Charles. 1854-1931. English inventor of multi-stage steam turbine, 1884.

Patay, Battle. 1429. French rout British. Charles VII crowned. Orléans. Joan of Arc.

Pathé, Charles. 1863-1957. French film maker. First Newsreels 1909. Les Misérables 1909. Perils of Pauline 1914.

Peirce, Charles. 1839-1914. US philosopher. Pragmatism. -“logic is keystone of all knowledge”.

Percier, Charles. 1764-1838. French Empire architect. Cour Carrée with Fontaine.

Perrault, Charles. 1628-1703. French poet. Mother Goose 1697.

Petition of Rights. 1628. Accepted by Charles I, limiting British monarch’s powers.

Poitiers, Battle. 732. Charles Martel halts invasion, saving Europe from Moslem rule. 1356. Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures John II. Brétigny Treaty.

Polignac, Auguste de. 1780-1847. French minister to Charles X. Disolved Chamber of Deputies, causing July Revolution 1830.

Pragmatic Sanction. 1713. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI declares Maria Theresa as heir causing War of Austrian Succession.

Praguerie. 1440. French nobles rebel vs Charles VII.

41 more results ...