La Voisin. Burned at the stake for selling “inheritance powder” (poison), 1680. Poisons Affair.

Leuctra, Battle. 371BC. Thebes defeats Sparta, signalling decline.

Liberty Affair. 1768. British sieze Hancock’s sloop ’Liberty’ smuggling wine to Boston.

Lockerbie Scotland. 1988 Terrorist bomb downs PanAm plane killing 270. Libya.

Lothair I. 795-855. Carolingian Emperor, 840-. Failed attempt to reunite empire.

Lotharingia. 843-870. Middle kingdom of split Carolingian Empire. Redivided.

Louis. The Child. 893-911. Last Carolingian German King, 899-.

Louis. The Younger. c830-882. Carolingian German King 876-. Acquired Lotharingia.

Louis I. 778-840. Charlemagne’s son. Last Emperor of unified Carolingian Empire 814~. Twice deposed and restored.

Louis II. The German. c822-76. King of East Carolingian Empire, 843-. Fought reuniting attempts. Checked Arab invasion of Italy.

Louis V. Do Nothing. 967-87. Last Carolingian king of France. 979-87.

Marbury vs Madison. 1803. First US Supreme court ruling an Act of Congress unconstitutional. Marshall.

Memling, Hans. c1433-94. Flemish painter. Passion Triptych 1491.

Merovingians. 476-751. Frankish dynasty. Childeric founded; Clovis expanded empire to modern France, Germany, Belgium, N Italy. Austrasia, Neustria; 534+Burgundy. Clotaire. Carolingians.

Michelangelo. 1475-1564. Florentine sculptor, painter, architect, poet. Obsessed with reproducing the human form. Pieta 1497. David 1501-4. Sistine Chapel Ceiling 1508-12. Moses 1515. Bound Slave. Medici Tomb 1520. Last Judgement 1534-41. St. Peters cupola 1547.

Montenegro. Balkans. 1159 Serbian Empire. 1516 Autonomous, repelling Turk, Serb, Albanian invasions. 1878 Independent. 1910 Kingdom. 1915 Germans occupy. 1918 +Serbia=Yugoslavia. WWII Italy occupies. 1946 Yugoslavia. 1992 +Serbia=Yugoslavia.

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1756-91. Viennese Classical composer. European tour at age 6. Seemingly effortless compositions of symmetry and melody with emotional feeling. Marriage of Figaro 1786. Don Juan 1787. Magic Flute 1791.

Netherlands. Celts, Germans. 1C Rome. 400 Franks...Carolingian. 9C HRE. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1581 Independent(N) = United Provinces. 1795 France. Batavian Republic. 1806 Kingdom of Holland. 1810 «France. 1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1830 -Belgium. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

New Thought. 19-20C. US philosophy. Idealism, mind healing.

Nobiles. 3C- Roman ruling aristocracy. Patricians and office holding Plebeians.

Nordlingen, Battle. 1634. Sweden defeated, ending influence in S Germany. Heilbronn alliance dissolved.

OPEC. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. 1961- International cartel sets prices by controlling supply. Created oil shortage 1973.

Pauling, Linus. 1901-94. US biochemist/peace advocate. Chemical bonding.

Peninsular War. 1808-14. British, Spanish, Portuguese under Wellington defeat French in Iberian Peninsula.

Pepin the Short. c714-68. First Carolingian king of France 751-. Charlemagne’s father. Donation of Pepin.

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