Turin, Treaty. 1860. Nice, Savoy ceded to France by Piedmont, in exchange for Lomabardy.

Turing, Alan. 1912-54. English mathematician, logician. Early computer theorist. Morphogenesis. Collosus. Bletchley Park.

Turkmanchay, Treaty. 1828. Persia cedes Armenia, ending Russo-Persian War 1826-8.

Turnverein. 1811. German Nationalist gymnastic movement vs Napoleon. Jahn.

Tuscany. 1000BC Etruscans. 3C Rome = Tuscia. 6C Lombardy. 774 Franks. 12C Independent. 1434 Medici. 1737 Hapsburg-Lorraine. 1800 French Kingdom of Etruria. 1814 Hapsburg. 1849 Republic. 1861 Italy.

Tutu, Desmond. 1931-. South African Anglican Archbishop. Hope and Suffering 1982. .

Twelve Tribes of Israel. Hebrews who settled promised land after Exodus. Each led by a son or grandson of Jacob (Israel). Hence, Israelites.

Twenty-One Demands. 1915. China submits to Japanese threats. Japan controls Manchuria, Mongolia and have access to ports and islands.

Two-Power Standard. 1889. Hamilton declares that British fleet should be at least equal to naval strength of any 2 other countries. Abandoned 1912 by Churchill.

Two Sicilies. Naples and Sicily. All Italy south of papal states. 11C Norman. 12C HRE. 1282 Angevin(N)/Aragon(S). 1443 Aragon. 1495-1504 French(N). 1713 Austria(N) /Savoy(S). 1734 Spain. 1759 Independent Bourbon. 1799-1802 France. 1861 Italy.

Two Thousand Words. 1968. Czech proclamation supporting Dubcek reforms prompts Russian Invasion.

Tyche. Greek goddess of chance. =Fortuna.

Tz’u-hsi. 1835-1908. Dowager empress of China 1861-. Regent for T’ung-chi. Resisted reforms. Boxer Rebellion.

Udall, Nicholas. c1505-56. English dramatist.Ralph Roister Doister 1553. First English secular play, comedy.

Uganda. 1844 Arab traders reach. 1862 British explore. 1894 British protectorate. 1962 Independent. Amin.

Ulbricht, Walter. 1893-1973. East German Stalinist General Secretary 1950-71. Head of State 1960-. Ordered Berlin Wall.

Ulster Troubles. 1969-. Unionist attack on civil rights march led to revival of hostilities.

Ultramontanism. 15-19C. Roman Catholic movement for papal authority. Gallicanism.

Ultraroyalists. 19C. French advocates of increased powers for Louis XVIII.

Umberto I. 1844-1900. 2nd king of Italy 1878-. Assassinated by anarchists.

Uncas. c1588-c1683. Founder, chief of Mohegan Indian tribe.

Uniformitarianism. Earth shaped by ongoing processes indicative of time. Lyell.

Uniformity, Act of. 1549. Established English Prayer Book, catechism for Anglican worship. 1553 Repealed. 1559 Reenacted. 1662 Deprived Nonconformists of living.

Union. The North. States which did not secede during the American Civil War. Confederacy.

Unitarianism. 1546. Christian doctrine of Socinus denying Trinity. God is one indivisible force. Biddle.

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