Marmousets. Advisers to French Charles V and VI.

Marne, Battle. 1914. Paris defence vs Germans. Joffre. 1918 Allied victory is turning point in WWI. Foch.

Maronite. Syrian Roman Catholic Church. 7C Settled Lebanon. 1182- Under Vatican. 1860 Druze massacre Maronites. 1920 Lebanon. Phalangists.

Marprelate Tracts. 1588-9. Anonymous seditious Puritan pamphlets for which Penry was executed.

Marquette, Jacques. 1637-75. French explorer of Mississippi, 1673. Joliet.

Marseillaise. French national anthem, by Rouget de Lisle, 1792. Named for volunteer militia who adopted song on march to Paris.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Marshall, John. 1755-1835. US Chief Justice. Marbury-Madison.

Marsyas. Mythical Phrygian artist. Challenged Apollo to musical contest.

Martel, Charles. Charles Martel.

Martin, St. c316-97. Bishop of Tours. Introduced monasticism to France. French patron saint.

Martin V. 1368-1431. Pope 1417-. Election ended Great Schism.

Marx Brothers. Groucho 1890-1977. Harpo 1888-1964. Chico 1886-1961. Zeppo 1901-79. Gummo 1893-1977. US film comedians. Animal Crackers 1928. Duck Soup 1933.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Mary. Virgin mother of Jesus. Free from Original Sin. Most important Roman Catholic saint.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Mary of Burgundy. 1457-82. Duchess. Marriage to Maximilian I gave Netherlands to Hapsburgs.

Masaryk, Thomas. 1850-1937. Founder, first President of Czechoslovakia, 1918-35.

Massachussets Bay Co. 1620-84. English charter company established Theocracy in Mass. Charter annulled 1684. Plymouth Colony.

Massasoit. c1580-1661. American Indian chief, friend of Massachussets colonists.

Massenet, Jules. 1842-1912. French opera composer. Manon. Le Cid 1885.

Mata Hari. 1876-1917. Dutch dancer, courtesan. German spy WWI. Executed by French.

Materialism. All nature is describable as moving particles. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Büchner. Diderot. Hobbes. Marx. Epicureans.

Mathieu, Albert. 1802. Suggested English Channel Tunnel to Napoleon.

Matisse, Henri. 1869-1954. French painter in Fauvist style. Coined “cubism” 1908. Red Studio 1911.

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