Lombardy. 5C BC Celt. c200BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 568 Lombards. 774 Charlemagne. 9C Independent towns. 962 HRE. 12C L League. 1337 Milan. 1535 Spain 1713 Austria. 1796 French republic. 1814 Austria. 1859 Italy.

Loménie de Brienne, Etienne. 1727-94. French Finance minister 1787-8.

Long March. 1934-5. 100,000 Chinese Communists march from Kiangsi, 6,000 miles to Shensi. Mao became leader. 50,000 die.

Long Parliament. 1640-60. Civil War parliament. Ended Charles I attempt to govern without one.

Longchamp, William. -1197. English Chancellor. Ruled in Richard I’s absence 1190-1. Arranged ransom 1193 ending John’s rebellion.

Lorentz, Hendrik. 1853-1928. Dutch physicist. Electromagnetic radiation theory, 1895.

Lorraine, Claude. 1600-82. French landscape painter, master of sunlight. Sunset 1644.

Louis. The Child. 893-911. Last Carolingian German King, 899-.

Louis d’Or. 1641-1795. French gold coin.

Louis I. 778-840. Charlemagne’s son. Last Emperor of unified Carolingian Empire 814~. Twice deposed and restored.

Louis II. The German. c822-76. King of East Carolingian Empire, 843-. Fought reuniting attempts. Checked Arab invasion of Italy.

Louis III. 863-82. French King 879-. Withstood Norse invasion.

Louis IV. d’Outremer. 921-54. French King 936-. Fought Hugh the Great (father of Hugh Capet).

Louis IX. St. Louis. 1214-70. French King 1226-70. Last 2 crusades. Captured on 7th Crusade. Built Ste-Chapelle, 1243, in thanks for release.

Louis VI. The Fat. 1081-1137. French King 1108-. Fought Henry I.

Louis VII. The Young. 1120-80. French King 1137-. Second Crusade. Marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine annulled, consanguinity.

Louis VIII. The Lionheart. 1187-1226. French King 1223-. Invaded England 1216-7. Albigensian Crusade 1226.

Louis X. The Stubborn. 1289-1316. King of Navarre 1305-14, France 1314-. Chartered nobles.

Louis XI. 1423-83. French King 1461-. Acquired Burgundy, Anjou. Postal service 1477. Arras Treaty.

Louis XII. Father of the People. 1462-1515. French King 1498-. Italian Wars.

Louis XIII. The Just. 1601-43. French King 1610-. With Richelieu, extended monarchs power. Absolutism.

Louis XIV. Sun King. 1638-1715. French King 1643-. Mazarin regent to 1661. Absolute reign signalled a flourishing of the arts. Built Versailles. Revoked Edict of Nantes. -“L’état c’est moi.”

Louis XIV Style. 1638-1715. Rich decoration as at Versailles. Poussin. Le Nôtre.

Louis XV. 1710-74. French King 1715-. Incompetence led to lost prestige, French Revolution. Philippe, duc d’Orléans.

Louis XV Style. 1715-74. Superior craftsmanship. Rococo decoration. Boucher.

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