Hugo, Victor. 1802-85. French Romantic poet/writer. Notre Dame 1831. Les Misérables 1862. Exiled 1852-70.

Huguenots. 1510-18C. Persecuted French Calvinist Protestants. 300,000 expelled 1685. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Wars of Religion. Edict of Nantes. Henry of Navarre. Declaration of Rights of Man, 1789.

Hui-neng. 638-713. Chinese Zen priest. Satori-sudden enlightenment.

Huitzilopochtli. Aztec war and sun god.

Humanism. 14C-. Philosophy. Mankind at the center of consciousness. Mankind can live ethically without recourse to the supernatural. Belief in personal worth of individual. Rational, creative. Petrarch.

Hume, David. 1711-76. Scottish empiricist philosopher and historian: On Human Nature 1739. Free-will. Behaviour results from innate character. God cannot be proved by reason, but we must believe in Him.

Hundred Days. 1815. March 20 to July 8; Napoleon’s escape from Elba to his second abdication. 1933. Began Roosevelt’s administration. New Deal enacted.

Hundred Flowers Movement. China. 1956-7. Increased freedom of intellectuals. Criticism of Party led to backlash.

Hundred Years War. 1337~1453. English defend claims to French throne. Crécy. Poitiers. Agincourt. Joan of Arc. English driven from continent, except Calais.

Hung Hsiu-ch’üan. 1814-64. Led Tai-Ping Rebellion. Claimed to be Christ’s brother. Founded new religion based on Chinese unity.

Hungarian Uprising. 1703-11. Ferenc Rákóczi II led vs Hapsburg centralism. No real change achieved. 1956. Student-led revolt crushed by Russian troops. Kádár puppet government established. Nagy executed.

Hungary. Celts, Ilyrians. Pannonia. 14BC Rome. Germans, Asians. c600 Avars. c800 Franks. 892-1301 Arpad-Magyars. 1001 Christian monarch. 1241 Mongols invade. 1526 Turks invade. 1664 Ottoman 1699 Hapsburg. 1848-9 Republic. 1866 Dual Monarchy. 1918 Republic. 1949 People’s Republic. 1990 Democratic.

Huns. Nomadic peoples of Central Asia who invaded Europe in 4-5C. Attila. Defeated at Châlons-sur-Marne, 451.

Husak, Gustav. 1913-91. Czech leader 1968-89. Put in power by Moscow during Czech Invasion. Pres 1975-89.

Hutchinson, Anne. 1591-1643. Expelled from Massachussets. by Puritans, founded Rhode Is. 1637.

Huygens, Christiaan. 1629-95. Dutch physicist, mathematician. Discovered Saturn’s rings 1655. Pendulum clock 1657. Centripetal force 1659. Conservation of Energy 1669. Wave theory of light 1678.

Hyde, Edward. 1609-74. English statesman, historian. Supported Charles II.

Hydrogen Bomb. Thermonuclear or H-Bomb. 1952 US. 1953 USSR. 1957 Britain. 1968 France. 1971 China. 1974 India. ? Israel. Atomic Bomb.

Hyksos. Semitic invaders of Egypt on horse and chariot. Ruled 1675-1550BC.

Hypatia. c370-415. Alexandrian Neoplatonic philosopher. Murdered by St. Cyril and monks. Decline of Alexandria as learning center.

I Ching. 12C BC. Supplement 475BC. Chinese Book of Changes. 64 hexagrams used for divination. Early ethics, philosophy text.

Iamblichus. c250-330. Syrian NeoPlatonist philosopher. Theurgy replaces spiritual mysticism. De Mysteriis.

Iberville, Pierre d’. 1661-1706. French-Canadian explorer to Louisiana.

Ibsen, Henrik. 1828-1906. Norwegian social and psychological dramatist. Peer Gynt 1867. Doll’s House 1879. Hedda Gabler 1890.

Iconoclasts. 726-843. Byzantines opposed use of images in Christian worship vs Iconophiles. Persecuted. Nicaea.

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