Avicenna, Ali ibn-Sina. 980-1037. Arab physician, philosopher: Canon of Medicine.

Bernard, Claude. 1813-78. French physiologist and logician. Influenced Pavlov. Intro. to Experimental Medicine 1865.

Concini, Concino. -1617. Italian favourite of Marie de Medici. Marshal of France. Executed.

Florence. c200BC Etruscan. 59BC Rome. 1198 Independent rep. 1434 Medici. 1532 + Tuscany. 1860 Italy (1865-70 capital).

Fuchs, Leonhard. 1501-66. German naturalist. Compendium of medicinal plants. Historia Stirpium 1542.

Hippocrates. 460-370BC. Greek physician. Separated medicine from superstition. Established medical schools. “Diseases due to natural causes”.

Magliabechi, Antonio. 1633-1714. Italian Medici librarian.

Marie de Medici. 1573-1642. Queen consort to Henry IV, mother of Louis XIII. Regent 1610-14. Built Luxembourg Palace. Opposed Richelieu. Banished 1630. Died penniless.

Michelangelo. 1475-1564. Florentine sculptor, painter, architect, poet. Obsessed with reproducing the human form. Pieta 1497. David 1501-4. Sistine Chapel Ceiling 1508-12. Moses 1515. Bound Slave. Medici Tomb 1520. Last Judgement 1534-41. St. Peters cupola 1547.

National Health Service. 1948-. British system of socialized medicine.

Nobel Prize. Nobel legacy funded. Peace Prize and prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature. 1969 +Economics. . Declined: Le Duc Tho, Pasternak, Sartre.

Osler, William. 1849-1919. Canadian/British physician. Blood platelets 1873. Principles and Practice of Medicine 1892.

Pazzi Conspiracy. 1478. Failed attempt to depose Medicis in Florence.

Savonarola, Girolamo. 1452-98. Led Florence 1494- after Medici overthrow. Reformer against vice and corruption in the church and society. Burned books, paintings, luxuries. Hung+burned.

Soranus. 1-2C. Greek gynecologist. Described contraception. Dominated medicine 1500 years.

Strozzi. Florentine noble family. Rivals of Medici.

Tuscany. 1000BC Etruscans. 3C Rome = Tuscia. 6C Lombardy. 774 Franks. 12C Independent. 1434 Medici. 1737 Hapsburg-Lorraine. 1800 French Kingdom of Etruria. 1814 Hapsburg. 1849 Republic. 1861 Italy.