Legendre, Adrien. 1752-1833. French mathematician. Irrationality of pi, 1794. Elliptical integrals, 1786.

Leibniz, Gottfried. 1646-1716. German philosopher, mathematician. Invented differential and integral calculus1675, binary arithmetic 1703. Multiplication machine 1671.

Leipzig Debate. 1519. Luther vs Eck. Both claim victory.

Lemaître, Georges. 1894-1966. Belgian cosmologist. Big Bang theory of creation 1927.

Le Nain. Antoine, 1588-1648. Louis, 1593-1648. Mathieu, 1607-1677. French brothers, painters. Popular Scenes 1642.

Leninism. Applied Dialectical Materialism. World Proletariat Revolution. Dictatorship of the Proletariat, then transition to Communism. Authoritarian conspiratorial elite conscious of imperative of history. “Freedom in discussion-unity in action”.

Lenoir, Alexandre. 1761-1839. Archeologist. Founder of the Museum of French Monuments.

Leo I, St. 400-461. Pope 440-. Opposed Nestorianism, Manichaeism and other heresies.

Leo X. 1475-1521. Pope 1513-. Excommunicated Luther. Depleted treasury.

Leonidas. King of Sparta. Killed resisting Persians at Thermopylae, 480BC.

Lessing, Doris. 1919-. Iran./Rhodesian/British novelist. The Children of Violence 1964.

Lessing, Gotthold. 1729-81. German Movement dramatist. Laokoon 1765. Minna von Barnheim 1767. Nathan the Wise 1779.

Lethe. Greek mythical river of forgetfulness in Hades.

Leto. Mother of Apollo and Artemis.

Leuctra, Battle. 371BC. Thebes defeats Sparta, signalling decline.

Leutze, Emanuel. 1816-68. US painter. Washington Crossing the Delaware 1851.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1908-. Belgian/French ethnologist. Theory of Symbolic Structures: Mythologiques 1964-8.

Levites. Hebrew religious teachers, who slaughtered the idolators of the golden calf.

Lewis, Merriwether. 1774-1809. US explorer with Clark overland to Pacific NW, 1804-6.

L’Hôpital, Michel de. 1505-73. French statesman, urged tolerance during the Wars of Religion.

Liberalism. 19C. Movement for freedom of the individual, democracy. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. 20C. Movement to free individuals from economic restraint by social welfare programs.

Liberalism, Theological. 17C. Religious inquiry based on reason vs authority.

Libraries. 1700BC Chaldean. 540BC Athens. 284BC Alexandria. 167 Rome. 355 Constantinople. 1446 Vatican. 1520 Paris. 1757 British Museum. 1598 Oxford Bodleian. 1653 Manchester, First free public. 1800 US Library of Congress.

Lippi, Fra Filippo. 1406-69. Florentine Renaissance painter. Madonna and Child 1437. Coronation of the Virgins.

Littré, Paul-Émile. 1801-81. French positivist philosopher. Dictionary of the French Language 1863-73.

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