Charles I, of Anjou. 1226-85. French King of Naples and Sicily 1246-. Son of Louis VIII. Harsh rule. First Angevin.

Charles II. 1630-85. King of Great Britain and Ireland. Restored monarchy, 1660.

Charles IV, the Fair. 1294-1328. King of France 1322-, and Navarre. Won part of Aquitaine from England. Last Capetian.

Charles V. 1500-1558. Hapsburg king of Netherlands 1515-55, Spain 1516-56, Germany 1519-. Holy Roman Emperor 1519-56. Fought Francis I. Divided Austria from Spain. Fought Turks.

Charles VI, the Well-beloved. 1368-1422. King of France 1380-. Insanity led to Civil War. Berry.

Charles Martel. The Hammer. 685-741. Unified Franks. Poitiers victory. Charlemagne’s grandfather.

Charter to the Nobility. 1785. Rights and prerogatives of Russian nobility.

Charybdis. Whirlpool between Italy and Sicily, opposite Scylla.

Chateaubriand. 1768-1848. French Romantic writer: d’Atala 1801. Memoirs d’outre-tombe.

Chénier, André de. 1762-94. French poet. Elegies. Guillotined.

Chesterton, G.K. 1874-1936. English satirical essayist/novelist: Napoleon of Notting Hill 1904. “Socialism aims to take capital out of the hands of the few and put it into the hands of the fewer-the politicians.”

Chevalier, Maurice. 1888-1972. French singer and actor. Innocents of Paris 1929.

Chile. Inca/Araucanian. 1520 Magellan discovers. 1540 Spain. 1818 Independent. 1884 +War of Pacific. O’Higgins. Pinochet.

Chivalry. 12-15C. International brotherhood of knights and their code of conduct.

Chomsky, Noam. 1928-. US linguist. Invented transformational grammar. Language and the Mind.

Chopin, Fréderic. 1810-49. Polish/French composer of emotional expressiveness and pianist of great technical ability. Sand.

Chouans. 1793-1815. Breton peasants and smugglers, joined Vendée Royalists.

Chremonidean War. 267-261BC. Unsuccessful rebellion of Athens and Sparta vs Macedonians.

Christian II. King of Denmark and Norway, 1513-23; Sweden, 1520-3. End of Kalmar Union. Stockholm bloodbath.

Christian X. Danish king 1912-47. Symbol of Danish Resistance. Imprisoned by Nazis 1943-5. Women’s vote 1915. Independent Iceland 1918.

Christianity. World’s largest religion, based on acts and teachings of Jesus Christ, believed to be Son of God. Emphasises love for all..

Chu Teh. 1886-1976. Commander-in-Chief of Chinese Red Army. Long March.

Church of England. 1534. Anglican Church. National English church, founded by Henry VIII. Redefined by Elizabeth I, 1559. Act of Supremacy.

Church of Scotland. National Church of Scotland. Reformation led by Knox. 1560 Abolished pope. 1689 Presbyterian.

Cicero, Marcus. 106-43BC. Roman orator. Opposed Caesar and Antony. Executed. De Re Republica 54-51BC.

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