O’Connell, Daniel. 1775-1847. Irish leader. Founded Catholic Association, 1823. Election to Parliament led to Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829.

Offa. 755-796. King of Mercia 757-. Founded St. Alban’s abbey. Dee Dyke vs Welsh 785. Introduced coinage. Treaty with Charlemagne. Began unification of England.

Old Catholics. 1870. Catholic sect vs papal infallibility. Joined Church of England 1931.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Pacification of Ghent. 1576. Catholic, Protestant truce in Netherlands to revolt vs Spanish occupiers.

Papal States. 756-1870. Italian territory under Pope. Recognized 1279 by HRE; lost during Italian Unification. Pepin Donation.

Parr, Catherine. 1512-48. Sixth and last wife of Henry VIII.

Pauling, Linus. 1901-94. US biochemist/peace advocate. Chemical bonding.

Penal Laws. 16C-1829. English persecution of Catholics.

Pestalozzi, Johann. 1746-1827. Swiss educator. Modern primary education system. Paced development from familiar to new. Lienhard and Gertrude 1781-9. How Gertrude Teaches 1801.

Peter III. 1728-62. Czar 1762. Overthrown by wife Catherine the Great.

Philip IV. The Fair. 1268-1314. French Capetian king 1285-. Taxed Roman Catholic Church. Ended Templars.

Philip IV. 1605-65. Spanish king 1621-. Lost Portugal, Catalonia, Utrecht.

Pierre de Montreuil. 13 C builder of Notre-Dame Cathedral, architect of Ste-Chapelle, 1248.

Pilgrimage of Grace. 1536. Catholic uprising in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire against dissolution of monasteries, taxation and inflation.

Pisano, Giovanni. c1254-1314. Italian Gothic sculptor, son of Nicola Perouse Fountain 1278. Pistoia Cathedral pulpit 1301. PIsa Cathedral pulpit 1302-10.

Pius VII. 1742-1823. Pope 1800-. Excommunicated Napoleon after French annexed Papal States. Imprisoned 1809-14.

Place, Francis. 1771-1854. Fought Combination Act, 1822. Advocated birth control, 1827.

Plateresque. 16C Spanish architectural style. Intricate, heavy ornamentation.

Plehve, Vyacheslav. 1846-1904. Russian official. Forced Russification. Pogroms vs Jews.

Poisons Affair. 1679. French scandal. Nobles using love potions and poisons from fortune tellers. Mme de Montespan implicated. La Voisin. Brinvilliers.

Pope. Head of Roman Catholic Church, Bishop of Rome. Considered the infallible vicar of Christ.

Popish Plot. 1678. Oates’ fictitious allegations of conspiracy led to persecution of Catholics.

Potemkin, Grigori. 1739-91. Russian Field Marshal. Supported Catherine II.

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. 1848-53. British painters vs Royal Academy. Advocated return to simple classical naturalism. Painted with bright colors on white vs dark tones of the time. Rossetti. Millais. Hunt.

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