Turkmenistan. 4CBC Alexander. 7C Arabs. 13C Golden Horde. 15C Persia/Uzbek. 1881 Russia. 1925 Turkemistan SSR. 1991 Independent. CIS. Niyazov.

Turner, Joseph. 1775-1851. English Romantic landscape painter. Original use of color. Reflections on water. Mature style more abstract. Snowstorm 1812. Rain, Speed, Smoke 1844.

Tutu, Desmond. 1931-. South African Anglican Archbishop. Hope and Suffering 1982. .

Tuvalu. 1764 British discover. 1892 British protectorate. 1915 «Gilbert and Ellice Island colony. 1978 Independent = Tuvalu.

Twelve Tribes of Israel. Hebrews who settled promised land after Exodus. Each led by a son or grandson of Jacob (Israel). Hence, Israelites.

Twenty-One Demands. 1915. China submits to Japanese threats. Japan controls Manchuria, Mongolia and have access to ports and islands.

Two-Power Standard. 1889. Hamilton declares that British fleet should be at least equal to naval strength of any 2 other countries. Abandoned 1912 by Churchill.

Two Sicilies. Naples and Sicily. All Italy south of papal states. 11C Norman. 12C HRE. 1282 Angevin(N)/Aragon(S). 1443 Aragon. 1495-1504 French(N). 1713 Austria(N) /Savoy(S). 1734 Spain. 1759 Independent Bourbon. 1799-1802 France. 1861 Italy.

Two Thousand Words. 1968. Czech proclamation supporting Dubcek reforms prompts Russian Invasion.

Tyre. c2000BC Phoenicia. 14C Egypt. 9C Founded Carthage. 8C Assyria. 538 Persia. 332 Alexander...Seleucid. 125 Autonomous. 68BC Rome. 636 Moslem. 1124 Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1291 Mameluks destroy.

Uganda. 1844 Arab traders reach. 1862 British explore. 1894 British protectorate. 1962 Independent. Amin.

Ugolino della Gherardesca. -1289. Italian Guelf noble. Executed by starvation for treason.

Ukraine. 3C Ostrogoths. Rus. 1240 Golden Horde. 1392 Lithuania. 1569 Poland. 1648 Independent Cossack state. 1654 Muscovy protectorate. 1772 Russia. 1918 Independent. 1923 USSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Ulster. 5C Independent kingdom. 1171 De Courci conquers for England. 1594-1601 Failed rebellion. 1610 Presbyterian Scots settle. 1920 Northern Ireland.

Union Act. 1707. England and Scotland united as Great Britain. One parliament; separate law and religion. 1801-1921. Ireland and Great Britain united as United Kingdom. Proposed by Irish Parliament 1799. Ireland Act. Anglo-Irish Treaty.

Union Jack. 1606. English St. George (red cross) + Scottish St. Andrew (white diagonal). 1801 + Irish St. Patrick (red diagonal).

United Kingdom. 1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 1921 -Irish Free State =UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

United Provinces. 1581-1795. Dutch unite vs Spain. Netherlands.

United States of America. USA. 40,000-20,000BC Asians settle. 1492-1776 Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands, Britain colonize. 1776 American Revolution. 1783 Thirteen Colonies independent. Manifest Destiny. 1845 +Texas. 1848 +California. 1867 +Alaska. 1898 +Hawaii, Puerto Rico.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1948. United Nations list of rights to be accorded people by their governments. Rejected by USSR, China, Poland, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, many Moslem countries. Signed by Russia, 1996.

Usury. Maximum interest rates: Rome 50BC: 12%, 529: 8%. Islam 622: 0%. Christian 1311: 0%. England: 1623 8%, 1651 6%, 1713 5%, 1854 eliminated. USA, by State: 5-45%

Utrecht, Treaties. 1713-14. Ended War of Spanish Succession. Austria gains Netherlands. France cedes Newfoundland, Hudson’s Bay, Nova Scotia to England. Spain cedes Gibraltar, Minorca to England.

Utrecht, Union of. 1579. United Provinces alliance created vs Spanish rule in Netherlands.

Uxmal. c600. Mayan city. Abandoned 1450. Mayapan.

Vagrancy Acts. England. 1459 Authorized imprisonment. 1530 whipping. 1535 mutilation. 1597 included entertainers. 1713 branding prohibited.

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