Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Louis I. 1786-1868. King of Bavaria 1825-48. Abdicated 1848 due to Lola Montez.

Louvois, Marquis de. 1639-91. Louis XIV War Minister. Reformed army. Enforced Nantes revocation. Supervised construction of Invalides, Vendôme.

Low, David. 1891-1963. British caricaturist. Colonel Blimp.

Lucretius. 99-55BC. Roman poet: De rerum natura, advocating moral truth without religious belief.

Lurçat, Jean. 1892-1966. French painter, revived the art of tapestry. Apocalypse 1948.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

Maginot. André. 1877-1932. French statesman. Built line of fortifications in the east of France 1928-38, leaving French overconfident vs German threat.

Manichaeism. 240-6C. Dualist ascetic Persian religion founded by Mani (-274) combining Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity. Man’s spirit is good, body is evil. Albigens, Cathars, Paulician.

Mann, Horace. 1796-1859. US educator. Modern public education system.

Mannerheim Line. Eastern Finnish fortification. Crossed by Russians 1940.

March Revolution. 1848 Germany. Led to Louis I abdication in favour of Maximilian II in Bavaria, Metternich resignation.

Marmont, Auguste. 1774-1852. French Marshal. Surrendered Paris 1814 causing Napoleon to abdicate.

Maronite. Syrian Roman Catholic Church. 7C Settled Lebanon. 1182- Under Vatican. 1860 Druze massacre Maronites. 1920 Lebanon. Phalangists.

Mary. Virgin mother of Jesus. Free from Original Sin. Most important Roman Catholic saint.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Mary Stuart. 1542-87. Queen of Scots 1542-67. Abdicated. Married Francis II. Queen of France 1559-60. Married Darnley 1565. Married Bothwell 1567, causing Scottish Revolt. Beheaded with Babington by Elizabeth I. Mother of James I.

Matthias. 1557-1619. Holy Roman Emperor 1612-. Catholic Revival led to Thirty Years War.

Mauriac, François. 1885-1970. French Roman Catholic author of sombre novels. Thérèse 1927.

Maximilian I. The Great. 1573-1651. Duke of Bavaria. Founded Catholic League 1609. Thirty Years War.

Maximilian I. 1756-1825. Bavarian king 1806-. Allied with Napoleon. Consolidated Bavaria. Opposed German unification.

May Demonstrations. 1968 Paris student uprising for more money to education, less to defence. General Strike brought 33% increase in minimum wage.

Maya. 3-17C Yucatan civilization.

Medici. Merchant family. Ruled Florence 1434~1737. Patron of Italian Renaissance arts. Catherine. Marie. Popes Leo X, Clement VII, Leo XI.

Melanchthon, Philip. 1497-1560. German Lutheran theologian educationist. Dogmatic Protestant 1521, introduced term. Augsburg Confession 1530. Ethics 1538.

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