Henry II. 1519-59. French king 1547-. Repressed Protestants. Captured Calais 1558. Treaties of Chambord, Cateau-Cambrésis.

Henry IV. 1050-1106. Holy Roman Emperor, 1056-. Civil War. Struggles with Gregory VII led to excommunication. Worms Synod. Clement III.

Henry IV. of Navarre. 1553-1610. King of France 1589-. Converted to Catholicism. Edict of Nantes protected Protestant rights. ’Reign of Rebuilding’. Assassinated by Ravaillac. Margaret of France.

Henry VIII. 1491-1547. King of England 1509-. Executed Thomas More. Established Church of England. Dissolved monasteries. Six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr.

Hipparchus. c190-120BC. First star catalogue. Epicyclic planetary motion around earth. Astrolabe 130.

Howard, Catherine. 1521-42. 5th wife of Henry VIII. Beheaded.

Hoxha, Enver. 1908-85. Albanian Marxist-Leninist dicatator 1944-.

Hundred Days. 1815. March 20 to July 8; Napoleon’s escape from Elba to his second abdication. 1933. Began Roosevelt’s administration. New Deal enacted.

Huss, Jan. 1372-1415. Bohemian priest. Burnt for advocating Wycliffe. Hussite Wars.

Ignatius of Antioch, St. -c107. Syrian martyr. Clarified Catholic beliefs. -“Catholic Church”.

Ignatius of Constantinople, St. c799-877. Greek Catholic Iconophile.

Immaculate Conception. 1854. Established as RC dogma.

Index Expurgatorius. 1601- Vatican list of books to be expurgated.

Index Librorum Prohibitorium. 1564-1966. Vatican list of prohibited reading.

Indulgence, Declaration. 1662,72. Charles II grants toleration of Nonconformists. Voided by Parliament. 1687. James II suspends penal laws against Catholics causing Glorious Revolution.

Infallibility, Papal. 1870. Pope cannot err on matters of faith, morals. Approved by first Vatican Council after heated debate.

Inquisition. Group of tribunals dedicated to routing out heresy. Papal. 1231-18C. Formalized by Gregory IX. Torture to obtain confession authorized by Innocent IV 1252. Roman. 1542-1908. RC church vs Protestantism. Galileo. Spanish. 1478-1834. Formed by Isabella and Ferdinand to persecute Jews and Moslems. Torquemada. Auto-da-fé.

Instruction. 1767. Catherine the Great’s proposal for liberal humanitarian legal reform.

Intelligentsia. 19C. Educated middle class Russians seeking reform.

Iris. Greek personification of the rainbow.

James II. 1633-1701. King of Great Britain 1685-8. Exiled 1689- in France. Supported Catholics. Bloody Assizes. Glorious Revolution overthrew him.

James V. 1512-42. Catholic king of Scotland, 1513-. Allied with France vs Henry VIII.

Jeffersonian Republicans. 1790-. US First opposition party. Advocated limited government vs Federalists.

Jesuit Order. Society of Jesus.1534-. Founded by Loyola. Vows of poverty, chastity, and perfect obedience to Pope. Missionary and educational work. Dissolved 1773; restored 1814.

John. Lackland. 1167-1216. King of England 1199-. Lost Normandy. Forced to sign Magna Carta 1215. Excommunicated 1209. Lost Anjou.

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