Libya. 7C BC Phoenician, Carthage, Greek colonies. 46BC Rome. 476 Vandal(W). 534 Byzantine 647 Arab. 1551 Ottoman. 1911 Italian colony. 1943 British/French 1950 Independent Kingdom. 1969 Qaddafi coup. Terrorism. Lockerbie.

Liechtenstein. 5C Alemanni. Franks. 1342 Independent. 1396 HRE. 1719 Principality «HRE. 1806 Rhine Confederation.1815 German Confederation. 1852 Customs Union with Austria 1923 Customs Union with Switzerland.

Limburg, Pol, Herman and Jehanequin. c1835-c1416. Dutch Gothic illuminators. Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry 1416.

Limerick Capitulation. 1691. Confirmed English rule and Protestant land ownership in Ireland.

Limon von Sanders, Otto. 1855-1929. German general. Led Turks at Galipoli.

Lindos. c700-408BC. Major Rhodes city. Colonized Spain and Italy.

Lippi, Fra Filippo. 1406-69. Florentine Renaissance painter. Madonna and Child 1437. Coronation of the Virgins.

Lithuania. 1238 Mindaugas unites. 1385 +Poland. 1569 Lublin Union under Poland. 1795 Prussia/ Russia. 1918 Independent. 1926 Smetona putsch. 1940 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Little Bighorn, Battle. 1876. Sitting Bull led Sioux and Cheyenne defeat Custer’s cavalry.

Liutprand. Powerful Lombard King, 712-44. Law code.

Livius Andronicus. c284-204BC. Roman epic poet. Translated Greek plays, Odyssey.

Livonia. 9C Livs. 1237 Teutonic Knights. 1569 Lithuania/ Poland. 1660 Sweden. 1721 Russia. 1918 Estonia/ Latvia.

Locarno Pact. 1925. Non-aggression treaty in Europe. Germany, France, Belgium, et al. Broken when Hitler occupied Rhineland,1936.

Lockerbie Scotland. 1988 Terrorist bomb downs PanAm plane killing 270. Libya.

Logos. Greek force of cosmic order and reason. Link between God and man. Philo.

Lombardo, Pietro. 1435-1515. Antonio 1458-1516. Tullio 1455-1532. Italian architects and sculptors. Dante’s tomb 1485. Doge’s Palace 1498.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Lorraine, Claude. 1600-82. French landscape painter, master of sunlight. Sunset 1644.

Lotus Eaters. African peoples of Odyssey who were forgetful and idle.

Louis I. 778-840. Charlemagne’s son. Last Emperor of unified Carolingian Empire 814~. Twice deposed and restored.

Louis I. The Great. 1326-82. King of Hungary, 1342-, Poland 1370-. Rid kingdoms of Turks. Fought Venice, Naples.

Louis II. 1506-26. King of Hungary and Bohemia 1516-. Lost Hungary to Turks.

Louis VIII. The Lionheart. 1187-1226. French King 1223-. Invaded England 1216-7. Albigensian Crusade 1226.

Louis XIV Style. 1638-1715. Rich decoration as at Versailles. Poussin. Le Nôtre.

Louisiana. 1643 French LaSalle claims. 1719 Mississippi Company. 1762 England cedes to Spain. 1801 France (San Ildefonso Treaty). 1803 US purchase. 1812 18th State.

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