Ishmael. Abraham and Hagar’s son, from whom all Arabs descend. Midianites.

Ishtar. Assyrian and Babylonian goddess of love, sex, and war. Earth Mother.

Isis. Egyptian deity of the moon, nature and fertility. Sister of Osiris.

Issus, Battle. 333BC. Alexander the Great defeats Persians under Darius III.

Italian East Africa. 1936-41. Italian colonies in Africa. Ethiopia, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland.

Italian Somaliland. 1890 Italy. 1936-41 WWII Colony. 1960 +British Somaliland =Somalia.

Italo-Turkish War. 1911-12. Italy gains Libya and Rhodes. 1911 First offensive use of airplane (vs Libya).

Ivan IV. The Terrible. 1530-84. First Russian czar 1547-. Expanded Russia. Established Czar’s power.

Izanagi and Izanami. Japanese creation deities.

Jackson, A.Y. 1882-1974. Canadian landscape painter. Led Group of Seven.

Jackson, Andrew. 1767-1845. US President 1829-37. General 1812-18. Opposed tarrifs. Retired public debt 1835. Spoils system. Universal white male suffrage. Kitchen Cabinet. New Orleans.

Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall”. 1824-63. Mexican War and Confederacy general. Bull Run, Shenandoah, Antietam.

Jacob. Old Testament. 3rd patriarch of 12 tribes of Israel. Grandson of Abraham. Son of Isaac. God changed name to Israel.

Jacobean Architecture. 1600-1625. English Tudor style refined, restrained and harmonized. U and H plans. Jones.

Jacobites. 1688-1753. Supporters of exiled James II and Stuart line after Glorious Revolution. 1715 “Old Pretender” James fails to claim British throne. 1745-6. Bonnie Prince Charlie unable to reclaim throne of England/Scotland. Stuart supporters aided rebels in Scotland and Ireland. Culloden Moor.

Jacquemart de Hesdin. Court painter: Grandes Heures du Duc de Berry 1409.

Jagiello. 14-16C. Dynasty ruling Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania.

James I. 1566-1625. James VI of Scotland 1567-. King of England 1603-. United Scotland and England. Authorized Bible 1611.“Wisest fool in Christianity”. Gunpowder Plot. Religious controversy.

James II. 1430-60. King of Scotland 1437-. Attacked England 1460.

James III. 1452-88. King of Scotland 1460-. Killed by rebels at Sauchieburn.

James IV. 1473-1513. King of Scotland 1488-. Allied with France vs England. Killed at Flodden.

Janus. Roman god with two faces to guard doorways, beginnings and endings.

Jauhar. Indian woman’s suicide by fire before husband’s expected death in battle.

Jean de Meung. 1240-1305. French poet. Roman de la Rose 1280.

Jehovah’s Witnesses. 1879-. Christian sect believing in Christ’s imminent second coming. Founded by Russell. Publish Watchtower and Awake!. Yahweh.

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