Ferdinand. 1861-1948. Crown prince 1887-, First czar of Bulgaria 1908-18. Fought Ottomans. Gained independence.

Ferdinand. 1865-1927. Romanian king 1914-. Doubled size by treaties.

Ferdinand I. c1016-1065. King of Castile and Leon. Began expulsion of Moors.

Ferdinand II of Aragon. 1452-1516. Unified Spain with Isabella. Equipped Columbus. Expelled Moors and Jews. Began Inquisition.

Ferdinand III. 1199-1252. King of Castile and Leon. Pushed Moors from most of Spain.

Ferdinand VII. 1784-1833. Spanish King, 1808, 1814-33. Favoured Isabella II to succeed. Carlist Wars led to loss of Spanish power and possessions.

Ferrara-Florence, Council of. 1438-45. Failed attempt to re-unite Latin and Greek churches.

Fersen, Hans. 1755-1810. Swedish. Failed attempt to save Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.

Festival of the Supreme Being. 8 June 1794. Declared by Robespierre and designed by David.

Feudalism. 8-14C. Social system. Lord grants land rights (fiefs) to vassals in return for military or other service. Manorialism. Seignorialism.

Feuerbach, Ludwig. 1804-72. German philosopher. God is illusion. Immortality of man is only through works and offspring. Thoughts on Death 1830.

Field of Cloth of Gold. 1520. Kings of France and England meet near Calais to propose alliances.

Filioque. “and from the son” added to Nicene Creed in 6C, causing East-West Schism.

Final Solution. 1941-45. Systematic slaughter of Jews and minorities by Nazis. Holocaust.

Finland. 7C Finns settle, displace Lapps. 1157 Sweden. 1809 Grand Duchy of Russia. 1919 Indepependent republic.

Firearms. 1247 used at Siege of Seville.1327 Edward III uses canon vs Scots. 1364 Perugia First handguns. 1640 Flintlock.

Five Dynasties. 907-60. China between T’ang and Sung dynasties. Upheaval stimulated arts. Art to represent metaphysical truth.

Fizeau, Armand. 1819-96. French physicist. Measured speed of light, 1849.

Flamsteed, John. 1646-1719. First Astronomer Royal of England, 1675.

Flanders. Historical region of France, Belgium, Neth. 13C Cloth industry. Ghent. Bruges.

Fleming, Alexander. 1881-1955. Scottish doctor, dicoverer of penicillin 1928. Florey, Chain.

Fleming, Sir Sandford. 1827-1915. Scottish/Canadian scientist, engineer. CPR. Standard Time zones 1884.

Flodden, Battle. 1513. Repelled Scotish invasion of England. James IV of Scotland killed.

Flood, Great. c3000BC. Destruction of man and world by God. Forty days and night. Noah. Gilgamesh.

Florentine. School of Painting. 1270 Academy of Fine Arts. Express humanist ideas through art. Realism and chiarascuro. DaVinci, Michelangelo, Raphael.

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