Gladiatorial Wars. 73-71BC. Spartacus.

Guise, Francois, duc de. 1519-63. Massacred Huguenots at Vassy, 1562, starting War of Religion.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Hardenberg, Karl von. 1750-1822. Prussian chancellor 1810- during Napoleonic Wars. Citizenship to Jews.

Henry III. 1551-89. French king 1574-. Wars of Religion, Three Henrys. Assassinated.

Heptarchy. 5-9C. Seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England: Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, Mercia, E. Anglia, Northumbria. Frequent wars.

Hohenlinden, Battle. 1800. French defeat Austria. Last major battle of War of 2nd Coalition.

Huguenots. 1510-18C. Persecuted French Calvinist Protestants. 300,000 expelled 1685. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Wars of Religion. Edict of Nantes. Henry of Navarre. Declaration of Rights of Man, 1789.

Huss, Jan. 1372-1415. Bohemian priest. Burnt for advocating Wycliffe. Hussite Wars.

Hussite Wars. 1415-36. Huss followers vs HRE for religious reform and Bohemian nationalism. Utraquists.

Ibn Sa’ud. 1880-1953. Conqueror and king of Riyad 1902-, + Najd, Hasa, Asir, Hejaz; united as Saudi Arabia 1932-. Ended tribal wars. First oil wells 1933.

Illyrian Wars. 229BC~219BC. Romans defeat Illyrian pirates. Greeks recognize Romans as civilized, admit them to games.

India-Pakistan Wars. 1949. Splits Kashmir. 1965. India gains most of Rann of Kutch. 1971. Bangladesh Independence.

Indian Wars. 1794-1891. US expansion leads to native vs white conflicts.

Ironclads. 1858-60. Iron-protected wooden warships.

Italian Wars. 1494-1559. Spain, HRE defeat France for control of Italy.

Jassy, Treaty. 1792. Ends Russo-Turkish war. Russia gains Crimea.

Jingoism. Excessive nationalism. Originally for British who intervened in Russo-Turkish War, 1877.

Josephus, Flavius. 37-100. Jewish soldier/historian. History of the Jewish Wars 75-9.

Kaffir Wars. 1779-1879. Bantu vs British in South Africa. Cape Frontier Wars.

Kappel, Wars. 1529,31. Swiss Reformation. Zwingli killed. Swiss cantons allowed to chose faiths.

King’s Peace. 387BC. Sparta, Persia, Athens. Corinthian War.

Kléber, Jean. 1753-1800. French general. Suppressed Vendée rebellion.

Laos. 14C Buddhist Lan Xang. 18C Vientiane(C)/ Luang Prabang(N)/ Champassak(S). 19C Siam. 1893 French protectorate. 1942 Japanese occupy. 1946 French. 1953 Independent...civil wars. 1975 Lao People’s Democratic Republic. 1991 New Constitution and freedoms.

Latin Wars. 340-338BC. Rome conquers Latium.

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