Republic. Government vesting power in representatives who govern for the good of the people.

Romains, Jules. 1885-1972. French writer. 27 vol.Men of Good Will 1932-46.

Roth, Philip. 1933-. US novelist Goodbye Columbus 1959. Portnoy’s Complaint 1969.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Teleological Argument. God exists as master planner, because universe exhibits purpose. Duty derives from what is good as end to be achieved. Aristotle. Kant.

Transcendentalism. 1835-55. US philosophy. Man’s divinity and goodness. Insight over logic. Opposed to authority. Thoreau. Emerson. Channing.

Utilitarianism. Good is the maximum good for the maximum number of people. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. Moore.

Zoroaster. Zarathustra. c628-551BC. Persian religious reformer, founder of Zoroastrianism. World is an eternal struggle between forces of good and evil.

Appeasement Policy. 1937-9. British yield to Nazi demands in hope of maintaining peace. Munich Agreement. Gentleman’s Agreement.

Campbell, Thomas. 1777-1844. Scottish poet: Pleasures of Hope, Ye Mariners of England.

Hope, Thomas. 1769-1831. English Regency furniture designer and author.

Hope Hawkins, Anthony. 1863-1933. English author. Prisoner of Zenda 1894.

Irrationalism. 19C. Philosophy stressing instinct over reason. Schopenhauer.

Pandora. First woman of Greek legend. Opened box of human ills. Hope remains in box.

Regency. 1800-30. Georgian Classicist architecture with tinge of exotic from the Empire. Stucco facing on brick. Nash. Soane. Hope. Sheraton. Decorative Arts: Neoclassical, Egyptian motifs.

Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1788-1860. German pessimist Idealist philosopher. Will is superior to knowledge. World viewed as will and ideas. Every individual is a part of a Universal Will.

Stanhope, James. 1673-1721. English general. Negotiated Triple, Quadruple Alliances.

Torch, Operation. 1942-3. Anglo-US operations in French NW Africa. Vichy France calls for Axis support in Tunis.

Tutu, Desmond. 1931-. South African Anglican Archbishop. Hope and Suffering 1982. .