Philby, Kim. 1912-88. British/Soviet double agent 1933-51. Escaped to USSR 1963. My Secret War 1968.

Philip II. 1165-1223. French Capetian king 1179-. 3rd Crusade. Conquered Flanders. Doubled France. Fought Richard the Lion Heart for Angevin Empire.

Philip IV. The Fair. 1268-1314. French Capetian king 1285-. Taxed Roman Catholic Church. Ended Templars.

Rieboeck, Jan van. 1619-77. Dutch founder of Cape Town.

Ruisdael, Jacob van. 1628-82. Dutch landscape painter. Jewish Cemetery c1660. Wheatfields c1670.

South Africa. 1910 Britain unites possessions: Cape of Good Hope + Natal + Orange Free State + Transvaal = Union of South Africa. Constitution included white supremacy. 1920 +German South-West Africa by mandate. 1948 Apartheid. 1961 = Republic of South Africa; left Commonwealth. 1990 -Namibia 1994 ANC gains power.

Thomson, Tom. 1877-1917. Canadian landscape painter. Influenced Group of Seven.

Turner, Joseph. 1775-1851. English Romantic landscape painter. Original use of color. Reflections on water. Mature style more abstract. Snowstorm 1812. Rain, Speed, Smoke 1844.

Umayyad. 661-750. Sunni Moslem dynasty of Caliphate Empire. Defeated by Abbasid revolt. Abd ar-Rahman escaped to establish dynasty in Spain 756-1031.

Underground Railroad. 1838-65. Northerners help US slaves escape to Canada, defying Fugitive Slave Acts.

Valois. 1328-1589. Second Capetian French dynasty. Tudor.

Van Goyen, Jan. 1596-1656. Dutch landcape painter of familiar, commonplace.

Vienna, Congress. 1814-15. Redrew map of Europe after Napoleon. Prussia gains Rhine, Westphalia. Swiss borders and neutrality confirmed. Netherlands created from Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg. Malta and Cape Colony ceded to Britain. Russia gets Poland. Austria trades Netherlands for north Italy. France reduced to 1792 borders. Metternich.

Wang Wei. 699-759. Chinese poet, landscape painter.

Zuccarelli, Francesco. 1702-88. Italian landscape artist. Influenced English. Florentine Royal Academy 1768.

Bean, Roy. 1825-1903. US frontier judge. “The Law West of the Pecos”.

Billy the Kid. 1859-81. US frontier outlaw.

Boone, Daniel. 1734-1820. US frontier explorer. Alamo.

Bowie, James. 1796-1836. US frontiersman. Bowie knife.

Calamity Jane. (Martha Jane Burke). 1852-1903. US sharpshooter frontierswoman.

Carson, Kit. 1809-68. US frontier guide.

Crockett, Davy. 1786-1836. US frontiersman. Killed at Alamo.

Dodge City. 1864. Famed US frontier town.

Frontier. Moving US boundary between developed east and unsettled west. Opportunity for adventureres, explorers, pioneers.

Hickock, James (Wild Bill). 1837-76. US frontier lawman.

188 more results ...