Sophists. 5-4C BC. Wandering Greek philosophers who taught rhetoric and logic for a fee. Protagoras.

Soul. Immaterial essence of man. Recognized by most cultures, but in varying forms.

Soulouque, Faustin. 1782-1867. Former slave, Haitian president 1847-, Emperor 1849-59.

South Sea Bubble. 1711-20. England sold trade monopolies to reduce National Debt. Their resale at speculative prices led to financial ruin for thousands. George I implicated. Walpole.

Spanish American War. 1898. US supports Cuban rebellion vs Spain. Gains Cuba, Guam, Philippines for $20M, Puerto Rico. Roosevelt. Maine.

Spartacus League. 1914-19. Forerunner of German Communist Party. Leaders executed after 1919 uprising.

Speranski, Mikhail. 1772-1839. Russian adviser of Czar Alexander I. Reform advocate, law code compiler.

Speyer, Diet. 1526,1529. Luther’s protest against the church’s intolerance of Reformers.

Spirit of St. Louis. 1927. Lindbergh’s plane for solo Atlantic flight.

Splendid Isolation. 1895-1902. Salisbury foreign policy. British naval strength required no ally.

St-Denis Basilica. 1137-44. Romanesque-Gothic transformation point. Burial place of French kings. Suger.

St-Germain-L’Auxerrois. 13-15C. Church by Louvre gave signal for Massacre of St-Bartholomew.

St Médard Convulsionnaires. Believers in miraculous cures at St. Médard cemetery forbidden by Louis XV in 1732: “By Order of the King, Let God No Miracle Perform in this Place!”

St Peter’s. 1506-1615. Vatican Basilica. World’s largest. Tomb of St Peter. Bramante. Michelangelo. Raphael. Model for many government buildings.

Stafford, Henry. 1454-83. Aided, then opposed Richard III. Executed.

Stakhanovism. 1935. Soviet movement to increase workers’ output. Rewards for exceeding quota.

Stalin Line. Soviet defensive fortifications along Polish border.

Standard Time. 1884. Standardized one hour divisions from Greenwich. Fleming.

Stanford, Charles. 1852-1924. Irish composer, led revival of English music. Irish Rhapsodies.

Stanford, Leland. 1824-93. US railroad builder. Stanford University 1885.

Stein, Karl, Freiherr von. 1757-1831. Reforming Prussian statesman helped abolish serfdom.

Stepniak, S. 1852-95. Russian Nihilist writer. Assassinated czar’s police chief. -“Life for life”.

Stockholm, Treaty. 1719. Sweden trades land for British aid, sells land to Prussia.

Stockholm Bloodbath. 1520. Danish Christian II kills 80 nobles. Swedish fight for independence.

Stolypin, Pyotr. 1862-1911. Russian Prime Minister 1906-. Used secret police to control revolutionaries. Moderate reforms.

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