Ribbentrop, Joachim von. 1893-1946. German Nazi foreign minister 1933-45. Hanged at Nuremberg.

Rice Riots. 1837. Japan. Famine led to riots, reform.

Richardson, Samuel. 1689-1761. English novelist using personal letters. Influenced novel form: Pamela 1740 Clarissa 1747 (at 1M words, the longest English novel).

Rights of Man, Declaration. 1789. Preamble to 1791 French constitution. Guaranteed representation, equality before law, property, freedom of religion, press, speech.

Riis, Jacob. 1849-1914. Danish/US social reformer. How the Other Half Lives, 1890.

Risorgimento. c1800-70 Movement for unified Italy. Young Italy.

Rogers, John. 1500-55. English Protestant martyr. Published forerunner of King James Bible.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Romantic. Art. Expression of emotion more important than form or reality. Delacroix. Turner.

Romany. Indo-European language of Gypsies. No written form.

Roncesvalles, Battle. 778. Charlemagne ambushed in Pyrenees. Basis for Song of Roland.

Rosenberg, Julius, Ethel. 1918,1916-53. First US civilians executed for spying for Soviet Union.

Roses, War of. 1455-85. York (white) vs Lancaster (red) for English throne. Lancaster rule ended. Henry VII (Tudor/Lancaster) married Elizabeth (York). Bosworth Field. Plantagenet.

Rotten Boroughs. -1832. British rural constituencies with few voters due to urban migration. Reform Bill.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Royal Air Force. 1918.

Ruskin, John. 1819-1900. English writer and Pre-Raphaelite art critic. Social reformer.

Russell, John. 1792-1878. British Liberal Prime Minister 1846~66. Reform Bill 1832.

Russell, William. 1639-83. English Whig. Executed, then acquitted for Rye House Plot.

Rutherford, Ernest. 1871-1937. NZ/English physicist. Beta rays 1899, Nuclear theory of atom1911.

SA. 1921-34. Brownshirts. Nazi force for breaking up rival party meetings. Purged on Night of Long the Knives.

Saar. Former Palatinate. 1919 League of Nations mandate. 1935 Germany. 1945 French occupy. 1948 Autonomous. 1957 West Germany.

Sabbatarians. Christians for strict observance of sabbath by all. Blue Laws.

Sacred Wars. 6-4C BC. Greek city-states, for control of of shrine at Delphi.

Sade, Marquis de. 1740-1814. French S&M writer. Jailed for immorality. 120 Days of Sodom 1785.

244 more results ...