Poznán Riots. 1956. Polish workers strike for bread and freedom. 53 killed by Russian troops. Led to new regime, Hungarian Uprising.

Prague Spring. 1968. Czech reforms face Soviet intervention. Dubcek.

Preston, Battle. 1648. Cromwell defeats Charles I last forces in English Civil War.

Progressive Bloc. 1915-17. Russian liberals urging reforms.

Proletariat. Marxist term for those who live by the sale of their labour. Bourgeoisie.

Prometheus. Titan who made man of clay and gave him life, stole fire from the gods for him. Chained to a rock to have an eagle eat his liver daily. Freed by Hercules.

Prophet, the. c1768-1834. Shawnee leader, Tecumseh’s brother. Blamed for Tippecanoe.

Propogation of the Faith, Congregation. 1622. Catholic Cardinals responsible for spreading the faith.

Protectorate. Sovereign state with agreement for protection from stronger state.

Protestantism. Christian doctrine based on faith instead of church dispensations. Reformation. Presbyterianism. Calvin. Luther.

Proteus. Greek sea god who assumed any form he wished.

Pure Land Buddhism. 4C China, Japan. Followers of Buddha saviour Amitabha (Amida, O-mi-t’o). Paradise for invoking his name.

Purge. 1936-8. Stalin’s trials to eliminate political rivals with fabricated charges. 3 million dead. Executions, forced labour, internal exile.

Pusey, Edward. 1800-82. English. Led Oxford Movement.

Quadrilateral. Austrian fortresses: Legnago, Mantua, Verona, Peschiera.

Quadruple Alliance. 1718. Austria, France, Britain, Dutch Republic. Defeated Spain’s attack on Sicily. 1813,15. Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia. Enforced Treaty of Paris. 1834 France, Britain, Portugal, Spain. Supported Isabella II vs Carlist claims.

Quakers. 1647. Society of Friends. Protestant non-conformist sect, founded by Fox. Silently awaiting “Inward Light”. Penn.

Quartering Acts. 1765-70,74. Forced Colonies to pay for British troops stationed there. Intolerable Acts. Stamp Act.

Quebec Act. 1774. Britain creates permanent government for Canada. Tolerance for French Canadians a cause of American Revolution. Intolerable Acts.

Quebec Conference. 1864. Basis of British North America Act. 1943. Allied leaders plan European landings. 1944. Churchill, Roosevelt decide on two war fronts-criticized for allowing Soviets to take Berlin.

Quiller-Couch (Q). 1863-1944. English editor of Oxford Book of English Verse 1900,39.

Radom, Confederation of. 1767. Polish nobles oppose king’s reforms leading to Partition.

Radowitz, Joseph von. 1797-1853. Prussian. Worked for unified Germany.

Rajk, Laszlo. 1909-49. Hungarian communist statesman. Hung for treason. Rehabilitated 1956.

Rákóczi I, György. 1593-1648. Transylvanian prince. Won rights from Hapsburgs for Hungarians.

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