Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

Petit Palais. Built for 1900 World Exhibition. Paris Museum of Fine Arts.

Phalanx. 7C BC. Greek infantry formation in 8 rows.

Philadelphia. Greek name for Amman, Jordan.

Philip I. 1052-1108. French king 1060-. Recovered Normandy for France.

Philip II. 1165-1223. French Capetian king 1179-. 3rd Crusade. Conquered Flanders. Doubled France. Fought Richard the Lion Heart for Angevin Empire.

Philip II. 1527-98. Spanish king. Revolt, 1579. Married Mary I of England. Sent Armada against Elizabeth I, 1588. Counter-Reformation champion.

Philippine Revolution. 1896-8. For independence from Spain allowed US control. Insurrection.

Pickford, Mary. 1893-1979. Canadian/US silent film actress.

Picquart, Georges. 1854-1914. French general imprisoned for defense of Dreyfus.

Pied Piper of Hamelin. Legend based on Children’s Crusade. Leads children away when townspeople refuse to pay for ridding town of vermin.

Place de Grève. -1830 Meeting place for Paris unemployed in Middle Ages.

Plato. c428-347BC. Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates’ Dialogs. Free-will. Republic. “There exist absolute truths. Mind imprints its idea on matter. Mind has always existed and seeks to free itself from matter and return to God.” Founded Academy c387. Symposium c384. Apologia c399. Quest for good will lead to harmony in the world.

Plehve, Vyacheslav. 1846-1904. Russian official. Forced Russification. Pogroms vs Jews.

Plimsoll, Samuel. 1824-98. English reformer. Defined ship loading mark.

Plombières Agreement. 1858. Napoleon III agrees to support Cavour (Piedmont) vs Austria in return for Savoy and Nice.

Plotinus. 205-270. Greek philosopher. His Neoplatonism influenced Islam, Christianity. Quest for Good through intelligence. “Creation is fall from God. Evil is the nature of man. Good is freedom from senses.”

Poisons Affair. 1679. French scandal. Nobles using love potions and poisons from fortune tellers. Mme de Montespan implicated. La Voisin. Brinvilliers.

Pole, Reginald. 1500-58. Archbishop of Canterbury. Opposed Reformation.

Polyanov, Peace. 1634. Poland receives Smolensk for recognizing first Romanov czar, Michael.

Pont de la Concorde. Paris. Built 1787-91 from stones of Bastille so people could forever trample ruins.

Pony Express. 1860-61. Missouri-California mail delivery. Cody.

Populist Movement. 1890s. US agrarian reform coalition.

Post-Impressionism. -1910. Modern art movement of solid color and forms as a reaction to Impressionism. Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin.

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