COMINFORM. Communist Information Bureau. 1947-56. Coordinated European party activities.

Commune, Paris. 1871. Revolutionary government formed when Thiers abandoned Paris to Prussians. Crushed 2 months later by McMahon. 20,000 killed.

Communist Manifesto. 1848. Marx and Engels call for Proletariat to control business and government.

Communist Party. USSR. 1918. Name adopted by Bolsheviks for Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Parties started in Britain, USA, Austria, France, Italy, Spain, Germany soon after.

Concentration Camps. 1862-65 USA. 1899-1902. British internment of Boers in South Africa. 1922-91. USSR. 1933-45 Nazi prisons for extermination and slave labour. Buchenwald. Auschwitz. Dachau. 1942-6 US Relocation Centers. 1942-46 Canada. 1950’s Kenya. 1973 Chile.

Confucius. 551-479BC. Chinese philosopher and moralist. Advocated reason, love and respect for others over supernatural. Chinese Exam. Wu Ching.

Conscription. 1793. Carnot devised first compulsory military service for France. Used in Egypt’s Old Kingdom.

Corfu Pact. 1917. Called for creation of Yugoslavia.

Corn Laws. 1804-15. British agricultural price support. Repeal, 1846, marks transformation from agricultural to industrial priorities and free trade.

Cornwallis Code. 1793. For civil servants in India. No private trade. No Indians in important posts.

Corot, Camille. 1796-1875. French painter, forerunner of Barbizon school of Art. Narni Bridge 1827.

Coster, Laurens. 1370-c1440. Dutch inv of moveable type, perhaps before Gutenberg.

Counter-Reformation. 1517-1622. Catholic reform that followed the Reformation. Trent.

Count’s War. 1533-36. Danish war of succession. Confirmed Protestant Reformation and hereditary succession.

Coup d’État. Overthrow of existing government by force.

Coverdale, Miles. 1488-1569. English religious reformer, psalm + bible translator.

Cressida. Unfaithful to Troilus, she deserted Troy for the Greeks.

Cristofori, Bartolomeo. 1655-1731. First piano, c1710.

Croker, JW. 1833. Coined ’Conservative’ for Tory.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Crystal Palace. 1851. Built for the Great Exhibition, London. First iron-framed. Burned, 1936. Paxton.

Cubism. 1907. Braque and Picasso reduce painting to minimum geometric forms. Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907. Term coined by Braque 1909.

Cubism, Synthetic. 1913. Braque and Picasso create a collage form of painting.

Cuneiform. 3000-1C BC. Sumerian writing form in clay with triangular pointed stick. Spread widely.

Cuza, Alexandru. 1820-73. First Prince of Romania, 1859-66. Freed serfs. Educational reform.

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