Privateers. 13-19C. Pirates licensed by letters of marque to plunder enemy vessels. Drake. Hawkins.

Protestant Union. 1608-21. German princes vs reimposition of Catholicism.

Quietism. 1696. Mystic religious movements. Passivity allows communication with God. Hinduism. Sufism. Molinos. Guyon. Fenelon. Soul in passive state is saved by divine spirit.

Raman, C.V. 1888-1970. Indian physicist. Raman effect: wavelength shift of deflected light.

Rationalism. All truth can be arrived at through thought alone. vs Empiricism. Descartes. Spinoza.

Rayleigh, Lord. 1842-1919. English physicist, wave theorist.

Regency. 1800-30. Georgian Classicist architecture with tinge of exotic from the Empire. Stucco facing on brick. Nash. Soane. Hope. Sheraton. Decorative Arts: Neoclassical, Egyptian motifs.

Revisionism. Criticism of tenets of Marxism by Bernstein, Tito.

Revolutions of 1848. Vienna, Prague, Venice. Romanticism, economic problems, bad harvest, unrest within Austrian Empire led to concessions, abdication of Emperor Ferdinand I.

Ribalta, Francisco. 1565-1628. Spanish painter. Light/dark color contrast. Christ Embracing St Bernard.

Roberval, Gilles de. 1602-75. French physicist: balance 1670. Geometry of curves.

Rœntgen, Konrad. 1845-1923. German physicist, discovered X-rays 1895.

Romanticism. 18C Philosophical movement rooted in Pietism. Began in Germany. Spread across Europe in 19C.

Rubens, Peter Paul. 1577-1640. Flemish Baroque painter. Sensuous works. Descent from Cross 1611. Médicis cycle 1621-5. Peace and War c1630.

Russia. 9C Slavs, Rus invade. 862-1598 Rurik dynasty. 1240 Mongol Empire of Golden Horde. 1462 Ivan the Great. 16C Unified. 1613 Romanov dynasty. 1917 Communist. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991 Russian Federation. CIS.

Rutherford, Ernest. 1871-1937. NZ/English physicist. Beta rays 1899, Nuclear theory of atom1911.

Sakharov, Andrei. 1921-89. Soviet physicist, human rights activist. Hydrogen bomb. Formed Committee for Human Rights 1970.

San Francisco. 1769 Portola discovers bay. 1776 Mission founded. 1835 Yuerba Buena cove settled. 1846 US. 1847 = San Francisco. 1906 Earthquake, fire kill 315.

San Francisco, Conference. 1945. Signing of United Nations charter.

San Francisco, Peace. 1951. Japanese 1854 borders restored.

Santander, Francisco. 1792-1840. Ally of Bolivar. President of New Granada 1833-7.

Scaliger, Julius Caesar. 1484-1558. Italian/French classical scholar. “Father” of literary criticism. Poetics 1561.

Scholasticism. 11-14C. Christian movement to reconcile faith, reason. Anselm. Thomas Aquinas. Duns Scotus.

Schoolmen. Scholasticism.

Seneca, Lucius. c4BC-65. Roman stoic philosopher, dramatist. Influenced Renaissance drama.

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