Clapham Sect. 1790-1830. Wilberforce’s social reformers and missionaries.

Colombia. 1502. Columbus discovers. 1538 Spain 1819 Gran Colombia. 1830 Colombia. 1946-64 La Violencia.

Commonwealth, British. 1926-. Free association of autonomous countries. Evolved from the British Empire. Statute of Westminster 1931.

Communist Party. USSR. 1918. Name adopted by Bolsheviks for Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Parties started in Britain, USA, Austria, France, Italy, Spain, Germany soon after.

Concentration Camps. 1862-65 USA. 1899-1902. British internment of Boers in South Africa. 1922-91. USSR. 1933-45 Nazi prisons for extermination and slave labour. Buchenwald. Auschwitz. Dachau. 1942-6 US Relocation Centers. 1942-46 Canada. 1950’s Kenya. 1973 Chile.

Constantine I. 274-338. Roman Emperor 306-, established Christianity as official religion. Moved capital to Constantinople. United state and church.

Courbet, Gustave. 1819-77. French Realist painter, socialist activist. Commune. The Artist’s Studio 1855.

Crassus, Lucius. 140-91BC. Roman statesman, orator. Banished non-citizens, causing Social War.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

Czechoslovakia Intervention. 1968. Russian troops end Dubcek reform policies. Warsaw Pact maintains right to intervene anywhere Socialism is threatened.

Dachau. 1933-45. Nazi concentration camp.

Dacia. Ancient name for Romania.

Daedalus. Builder of the Crete labyrinth. Escaped Minos with artificial wings. Icarus.

De-Stalinization. 1956. Soviet denunciation of Stalin’s regime and policies.

De Valéra, Eamon. 1882-1975. US/Irish mathematician. Led Easter Uprising. Led Sinn Fein, 1917-26. Founded Fianna Fáil 1926. Prime Minister of Irish Free State, 1931~59. President 59-73.

Deacon. Christian cleric. Lowest rank of Episcopal Holy Orders. Protestant lay official.

Debs, Eugene. 1855-1926. US socialist leader. Led Pullman Strike 1894.

Delany, Martin. 1812-85. US black physician. Founded Mystery newspaper for black rights.

Demagogue. In Greece, leader popular with masses. Now, a politician who plays on popular passions for personal gain.

Demosthenes. 384-322BC. Greek orator and politician. Opposed Philip of Macedon. Philippics. Led unsuccessful revolt. Suicide.

Desargues, Girard. 1591-1661. French geometrician.

Descartes, René. 1596-1650. French Rationalist philosopher, physician, mathematician. Cartesian coordinates. Discourse on Method 1637. “Cogito ergo sum”-I think, therefore I am. Analytical Geometry 1636. Meditations 1641. Principia Philosophica 1645.

Dialectical Materialism. Exploited workers...capital concentration...socialist revolution...dictatorship of proletariat...elimination of class...Communism. Hegel. Marx. Engels. Lenin.

Dickens, Charles. 1812-1870. English popular humanitarian writer and social critic. Created original, colorful memorable characters. Pickwick Papers 1837. Oliver Twist 1838. Christmas Carol 1843. David Copperfield 1850. Great Expectations 1861.

Diophantus. 3C. Greek mathematician. Arithmetica First algebra text.

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