John I. 925-976. Byzantine Emperor 969-. Extended Empire to Balkans, Syria.

Laconia. 1400BC Mycenae. 1100 Dorian. 195BC Achaean L. 146BC Rome. 267 Visigoth. 587 Slavs. 805 Byzantine. 1829 Greece.

Lebanon. 25C BC Phoenicia. 6C BC Persia. 332 Alexander. 64BC Rome. 5C Byzantine. 7C Moslems, Maronite Christians. 11C Druse(S). 1516 Ottoman. 1861 Christian autonomy under Ottomans. 1920 French mandate. 1926 Republic under France. 1943 Independent republic. 1975-91 Civil war.

Leo VI. 866-912. Byzantine Emperor. Compiled Basilica legal code.

Libya. 7C BC Phoenician, Carthage, Greek colonies. 46BC Rome. 476 Vandal(W). 534 Byzantine 647 Arab. 1551 Ottoman. 1911 Italian colony. 1943 British/French 1950 Independent Kingdom. 1969 Qaddafi coup. Terrorism. Lockerbie.

Malta. c800BC Phoenecia...Carthage. 218BC Rome. 5C Vandal/ Goth. 6C Byzantine. 870 Arab. 1090 Sicily. 1530 Knights of St. John. 1798 French. 1814 British. 1964 Indepependent. 1974 Republic. Population awarded George Cross 1942.

Manzikert, Battle. 1071. Seljuks defeat Byzantines, gain Anatolia.

Messina. 730BC Greek. 396BC Carthage. 264BC Independent. 535 Byzantine. 843 Saracens sack. 1061 Norman...«Sicily.

Michael VIII. 1224-82. Byzantine Emperor 1259-. Won Constantinople from Latins. Founded Paleologus dynasty.

Morocco. c2000BC Berbers. c12C BC Phoenecians settle. 1C BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 533 Byzantine. 682 Moslem. 739 Berber revolt. 788 Idrisid dynasty. 1061 Almoravid. 1147 Almohad. 1269 Marinids. 1550 Saadis. 1666 Alawis. 1668 Berber. 18C French influence. 1912 Spanish(N)/French protectorate. 1956 Independent. Ceuta. Melilla.

Myriocephalon, Battle. 1176. Turks defeat Byzantines, hold Anatolia.

Nicephorus I. -811. Byzantine Emperor 802-. Agreement with Charlemagne led to Empire of the West.

Nicephorus II Phocas. 912-69. Byzantine Emperor 963-. Resurgence of Byzantine power.

Orthodox Church, Eastern. 1054-. Autonomous Christian churches of Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia using Byzantine rite. East-West Schism.

Paleologus. Byzantine dynasty 1259-1453. Ousted crusader kings. Defeated by Turks.

Palestine. Holy land of Jews, Christians, Moslems. 2100BC Amorites invade. 18C BC Hyksos. 16C Hebrews settle. 1500 Egypt. 142 Maccabees. 63BC Rome...5C Byzantine. 614 Persia. 640 Moslem. 1099 Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1291 Mameluk. 16C Ottoman. 1917 Britain. 1920 British under League of Nations mandate. 1947 Partition, Independent Israel.

Phocas. -610. Byzantine Emperor 602-. Persecuted Monophysites and Jews.

Planudes Maximus. 1260-c1310. Byzantine monk. Edited Greek Anthology of prose and poetry 1302.

Ravenna. 402 Western Roman Empire capital. 476 Ostrogothic capital of Italy. 553 Byzantine. 751 Lombard. 754 Franks. 1278 Papal States. 1441 Venice. 1509 Papal States. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Romanesque Architecture. 4-15C. Barrel vault. Plain. Massive piers. Masonry vaulting. Blend of Byzantine and Roman influences. Gothic.

Romanesque Art. 11-12C Powerful imagery, grand conception. Fused Byzantine, Teutonic, Roman.

Seljuks. 1075-1242. Turkish dynasty ruled Caliphate Empire. Attacks vs Byzantines led to Crusades. Nucleus for Ottoman Empire.

Sicily. c1100BC Sicans. Sicels. Mycenaean. 7C BC Phoenicia(W)/ Gr(E). 241BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 6C Byzantine. 827 Saracen. 1072 Norman. 1130 +Naples. 1197 Hohenstaufen. 1266-82 France. 1302 Aragon. 1443 +Naples=Two Sicilies. 1860 Italy.

Syria. c10000BC Natufians. c2300BC Akkadian. c1900 Amorite. 16C Egypt. 14C Hittite. 8C Assyria. 7C Babylon. 538 Achaemenid. 332 Alexander...301 Seleucid. 64BC Rome...395 Byzantine. 634 Moslem. 877 Egypt. 11C Seljuk 1098 Latin Empire(part). 12C Ayyubid. 1249 Mameluk. 1516 Ottoman. 1920 French League of Nations mandate. 1943 Independent. 1958 +Egypt = United Arab Republic. 1961 -Egypt=Syria. Damascus.

Tangier. 15C BC Phoenicia. Carthage. Rome = Tingis. 429 Vandal. 541 Byzantine. 621 Visigoth. c682 Moslem. 1471-17C Spain, Portugal dispute. 1661 English. 1684 Morocco. 1923 International neutral port. 1940-45 Spanish occupy. 1956 Morocco.

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