Ali. 4th Caliph, 656-661. Son-in-law of Muhammad. Succession led to Sunni/Shi’ite split. Moslem Civil War.

Ali Pasha, Mehmed Emin. 1815-71. Reforming Ottoman Vizier.

Andalusia. Region of S Spain. 9C BC Phoenecia. 210BC Rome. 5C Vandal, Visigoth. 8C Moslem. 14C Christian. 1492 Castile.

Antoninus, Pius. 86-161. Roman Emperor 138-. Built Antonine Wall.

Arabia. Semite. 6C BC Chaldean. c106BC Rome. 622 Caliphate Empire. 16C Ottoman. 17C Persia (E). Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAR, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain.

Archduke. Hereditary title of Austrian Hapsburgs.

Arnulf. c850-99. Last Carolingian Holy Roman Emperor. Defeated Normans. Captured Rome.

Aryans. 2000BC. Nomads from Steppes spread to India. Founded Indus Civilization, 3240-2750BC. Hyksos Empire in Syria, 1720-1550BC. Introduced horse chariots. Basis for all Indo-European languages.

Ashanti Empire. 17-19C Ghana kingdom. Supplied slaves to traders.

Assyria. 30C-612BC. Empire from Egypt to Iran.

Athens. 3000BC. 6C BC growth. 5C decline. 4C Macedonia (aut). 27 BC Rome. 1458 Ottoman. 1834 Greek capital.

Augereau, Pierre. 1757-1816. Marshal under the Napoleonic Empire.

Augsburg, Peace. 1555. Allowed both Lutheranism and Catholicism within Holy Roman Empire.

Augsburg League. 1686-9. Holy Roman Empire and allies vs France. Replaced by Grand Alliance.

Augustus. Octavian. 63BC-14 AD. 2nd Triumvirate. First Roman Emperor. Pax Romana-Peaceful reign: Virgil, Horace.

Aulic Council. 1498-1806. Court of Holy Roman Empire. Derived from Maximilian’s personal council.

Aurelian. 214-75. Roman Emperor 270-. Restored rule of Europe. Began wall around Rome.

Ausgleich. 1867-1918. Split Empire into Austria and Hungary monarchies.

Austrasia. 511-751. East Frankish kingdom. Part of Merovingian Empire. 7C Mayors of Palace held power. Carolingian Empire. Clovis. Neustria.

Austria. 400BC Celts. 15BC Rome. 5-7C Huns, Avars ravage. 6C Slovenes settle 8C Charlemagne. 9C Magyar. 955 Otto I...962 HRE. 976 Babenberg(E). 1278 Hapsburg. 1453 Archduchy. 1804 Austrian Empire. 1867 Ausgleich. 1918 Republic. 1938 Germany. 1945 Republic. 1955 Independence from Allies.

Austrian Empire. 1804-67. Slowly disintegrating last remnant of Holy Roman Empire.

Austrian Succession, War. 1740-48. Jenkins Ear and King George’s Wars. Maria Theresa recognized. Francis I becomes Holy Roman Emperor. Prussian power shown. Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty. Silesian War.

Austro-Turkish War. 1682-99. Siege of Vienna. Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I drives Turks from Hungary.

Ayyubids. Sunni Caliphate dynasty in Egypt 1169-1250. Also in Yemen, Syria.

Aztec Empire. 14C-1521. Mexico. Conquered by Spanish.

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