Romany. Indo-European language of Gypsies. No written form.

Roses, War of. 1455-85. York (white) vs Lancaster (red) for English throne. Lancaster rule ended. Henry VII (Tudor/Lancaster) married Elizabeth (York). Bosworth Field. Plantagenet.

Roux, Jacques. -1794. Led Enragés.

Rubicon. Italian river crossed by Caesar to wage war vs Roman Senate 49BC.

Russification. Attempted conversion of local language and culture by settlement of large numbers of Russians. 19C Poland, Finland. 20C Kazakstan. Baltic.

Sackville, Thomas. 1536-1608. British dramatist. First English blank-verse tragedy. Gorboduc 1561.

Sanskrit. Ancient, now sacred Hindu language.

Santayana, George. 1863-1952. Spanish/US philosopher. Life of Reason 1905-6.

Sapir, Edward. 1884-1939. Polish/US linguist. Studied North American Indian languages.

Saracens. Moslems in the Middle Ages. Caliphate Empire.

Sardinia. 6C BC Carthage. 238BC Rome. 435 Vandal. 534 Byzantine Empire. 10C Saracen. 1016 Pisa. 1189 Hohenstaufen +Piedmont. 1326 Aragon. 1713 Austria. 1720 Savoy Kingdom. 1796 France. 1815 +Genoa. 1861 Italy. Sardinian Victor-Emmanuel became king of Italy.

Sauvage, Nicolas. French. Invented cabriolet taxi 1660.

Scandberg. 1404-68. Albanian prince, raised as hostage in Turkey. Led Albanians vs Turks 1444-66.

Sceptics. We can know nothing more than the fleeting images of consciousness. Most is unknowable. Pyrrho.

Scipio Africanus Minor. 185-129BC. Roman Consul, censor, general. Conquered, destroyed Carthage.

Scutage. -14C. Payment by vassal to Lord in lieu of military service.

Segregation. Separation of the races to maintain the advantages of one.

Seven Oaks Massacre. 1816. Northwest Company. agents kill 20 settlers in Red River rivalry with Hudson Bay Company. Settlement destroyed.

Shakespeare, William. 1564-1616. English dramatic poet. Master of language, characters, perception.Titus Andronicus c1593. Romeo and Juliet c1594. Hamlet c1602. Othello c1604. King Lear c1606. Lover’s Complaint c1609. Sonnets 1609. Tempest 1611.

Silver Age. c14-130. Roman literary period.

Snellman, Johan. 1806-81. Finnish nationalist. Established national language.

Solferino, Battle. 1859. Victor-Emmanuel gains Lombardy during Risorgimento. Carnage leads to Red Cross.

Sonnino, Sidney. 1847-1922. Italian diplomat. Encouraged Italy into WWI. Treaty of London.

Sophocles. c495-406BC. Greek tragic poet. Introduced third actor to tragedy. Antigone 442. Oedipus Rex 427.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

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